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首页> 外文期刊>Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior >Shaping behavioral patterns
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Shaping behavioral patterns

机译：塑造行为模式

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Pigeons were rewarded for distributing eight pecks across two keys (L and R) in various patterns. The simplest pattern was at least one switch between the two keys (LR or RL) anywhere during the sequence; the next simplest was at least one instance of LLRR or RRLL anywhere during the sequence; the next was LLLRRR or RRRLLL; the most complex was LLLLRRRR or RRRRLLLL. Note that each more complex pattern contains the simpler ones within it. Initially, all patterns were reinforced but amount of reinforcement varied directly with complexity of pattern. The pigeons typically began the eight-peck sequence by pecking on their dispreferred key and then switched to their preferred key during the sequence. In subsequent conditions, simpler patterns were progressively unreinforced until finally only the most complex pattern (exactly four pecks on one key followed by exactly four pecks on the other) was reinforced. Three of the 4 pigeons tested maintained responding under this contingency; responding of the 4th pigeon extinguished. A second group of 4 pigeons was exposed immediately after training to extinction of all patterns except the most complex one. Three of the pigeons failed to maintain responding and the 4th maintained responding at a very low level. These results are evidence that response patterns can be shaped directly without building them up from a sequence of individually reinforced responses. The results may serve as a model of how self-controlled and altruistic behavior can arise through reinforcement.
机译：鸽子因以不同方式在两个钥匙（左和右）上分布八只啄木鸟而获得奖励。最简单的模式是在序列中任何地方的两个键（LR或RL）之间至少有一个切换;接下来最简单的是在序列中的任何地方至少有一个LLRR或RRLL实例;接下来是LLLRRR或RRLLLL;最复杂的是LLLLRRRR或RRRLRLLL。请注意，每个更复杂的模式都包含较简单的模式。最初，所有样式都得到了加固，但是加固的数量随样式的复杂性直接变化。鸽子通常会先啄食他们不喜欢的钥匙，然后开始八次啄食的过程，然后在序列过程中切换到偏好的钥匙。在随后的条件下，逐渐不再加固较简单的花样，直到最终只加固了最复杂的花样（一个键上恰好有四个啄，然后另一个键上恰好有四个啄）。在这种情况下，测试的4羽鸽子中有3羽保持了响应。第四羽鸽子灭绝。第二组4羽鸽子在训练后立即暴露于除最复杂的一种以外的所有所有模式。 3羽鸽子未能保持反应，而4羽则保持非常低的水平。这些结果证明，可以直接塑造响应模式，而无需通过一系列单独增强的响应来建立响应模式。结果可作为通过强化如何产生自我控制和利他行为的模型。

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