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首页> 外文期刊>Journal of Veterinary Dentistry >Gene Sequence Analyses of the Healthy Oral Microbiome in Humans and Companion Animals: A Comparative Review
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Gene Sequence Analyses of the Healthy Oral Microbiome in Humans and Companion Animals: A Comparative Review

机译：人类和伴侣动物中健康口腔微生物组的基因序列分析：比较综述

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It has long been accepted that certain oral bacterial species are responsible for the development of periodontal disease. However, the focus of microbial and immunological research is shifting from studying the organisms associated with disease to examining the indigenous microbial inhabitants that are present in health. Microbiome refers to the aggregate genetic material of all microorganisms living in, or on, a defined habitat. Recent developments in gene sequence analysis have enabled detection and identification of bacteria from polymicrobial samples, including subgingival plaque. Diversity surveys utilizing this technology have demonstrated that bacterial culture techniques have vastly underestimated the richness and diversity of microorganisms in vivo, since only certain bacteria grow in vitro. Surveys using gene sequence analysis have demonstrated that the healthy oral microbiome is composed of an unexpectedly high number of diverse species, including putative pathogens. These findings support the view that coevolution microorganisms and macroscopic hosts has occurred in which certain microorganisms have adapted to survive in the oral cavity and host immune tolerance has allowed the establishment of a symbiotic relationship in which both parties receive benefits (mutualism). This review describes gene sequence analysis as an increasingly common, culture-independent tool for detecting bacteria in vivo and describes the results of recent oral microbiome diversity surveys of clinically healthy humans, dogs, and cats. Six bacterial phyla consistently dominated the healthy oral microbiome of all 3 host species. Previous hypotheses on etiology of periodontitis are reviewed in light of new scientific findings. Finally, the consideration that clinically relevant periodontal disease occurs when immune tolerance of the symbiotic oral microbiome is altered to a proinflammatory response will be discussed.
机译：长期以来，人们一直认为某些口腔细菌会导致牙周疾病的发展。但是，微生物和免疫学研究的重点已从研究与疾病相关的生物转移到检查健康中存在的土著微生物居民。微生物组是指生活在特定栖息地之中或之上的所有微生物的聚集遗传物质。基因序列分析的最新进展使得能够检测和鉴定来自包括牙龈下菌斑在内的多微生物样品中的细菌。利用这种技术进行的多样性调查表明，细菌培养技术大大低估了体内微生物的丰富性和多样性，因为只有某些细菌会在体外生长。使用基因序列分析的调查表明，健康的口腔微生物组由数量众多的各种物种组成，包括推定的病原体。这些发现支持了这样的观点，即发生了协同进化的微生物和宏观宿主，其中某些微生物已经适应了在口腔中生存，并且宿主的免疫耐受允许建立共生关系，双方都可以受益（互惠）。这篇综述描述了基因序列分析作为一种越来越普遍的，不依赖培养物的工具，用于体内检测细菌，并描述了对临床上健康的人，狗和猫进行的近期口腔微生物组多样性调查的结果。六个细菌门一直主导着所有三种宿主物种的健康口腔微生物组。根据新的科学发现，回顾了关于牙周炎病因的先前假设。最后，将讨论当共生口腔微生物组的免疫耐受性改变为促炎反应时发生临床相关的牙周疾病的考虑。

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