...
  • 主题
高级搜索  >
历史搜索 清空历史
首页> 外文期刊>Journal of toxicology and environmental health, Part B. Critical reviews >INHALATION EXPOSURE TO CARBON NANOTUBES (CNT) AND CARBON NANOFIBERS (CNF): METHODOLOGY AND DOSIMETRY
【24h】

INHALATION EXPOSURE TO CARBON NANOTUBES (CNT) AND CARBON NANOFIBERS (CNF): METHODOLOGY AND DOSIMETRY

机译：碳纳米管（CNT）和碳纳米纤维（CNF）的吸入接触：方法学和剂量学

获取原文
           
页面导航
  • 摘要
  • 著录项
  • 相似文献
  • 相关主题

摘要

Carbon nanotubes (CNT) and nanofibers (CNF) are used increasingly in a broad array of commercial products. Given current understandings, the most significant life-cycle exposures to CNT/CNF occur from inhalation when they become airborne at different stages of their life cycle, including workplace, use, and disposal. Increasing awareness of the importance of physicochemical properties as determinants of toxicity of CNT/CNF and existing difficulties in interpreting results of mostly acute rodent inhalation studies to date necessitate a reexamination of standardized inhalation testing guidelines. The current literature on pulmonary exposure to CNT/CNF and associated effects is summarized; recommendations and conclusions are provided that address test guideline modifications for rodent inhalation studies that will improve dosimetric extrapolation modeling for hazard and risk characterization based on the analysis of exposure-dose-response relationships. Several physicochemical parameters for CNT/CNF, including shape, state of agglomeration/aggregation, surface properties, impurities, and density, influence toxicity. This requires an evaluation of the correlation between structure and pulmonary responses. Inhalation, using whole-body exposures of rodents, is recommended for acute to chronic pulmonary exposure studies. Dry powder generator methods for producing CNT/CNF aerosols are preferred, and specific instrumentation to measure mass, particle size and number distribution, and morphology in the exposure chambers are identified. Methods are discussed for establishing experimental exposure concentrations that correlate with realistic human exposures, such that unrealistically high experimental concentrations need to be identified that induce effects under mechanisms that are not relevant for workplace exposures. Recommendations for anchoring data to results seen for positive and negative benchmark materials are included, as well as periods for postexposure observation. A minimum data set of specific bronchoalveolar lavage parameters is recommended. Retained lung burden data need to be gathered such that exposure-dose-response correlations may be analyzed and potency comparisons between materials and mammalian species are obtained considering dose metric parameters for interpretation of results. Finally, a list of research needs is presented to fill data gaps for further improving design, analysis, and interpretation and extrapolation of results of rodent inhalation studies to refine meaningful risk assessments for humans.
机译：碳纳米管（CNT）和纳米纤维（CNF）越来越广泛地用于各种商业产品中。根据目前的理解，当CNT / CNF在生命周期的不同阶段（包括工作场所，使用和处置）进入空气中时，其吸入会产生最重要的生命周期。越来越多的人意识到，理化性质作为决定CNT / CNF毒性的重要因素，以及迄今为止难以解释大多数急性啮齿动物吸入研究结果的现有困难，因此有必要对标准的吸入试验指南进行重新检查。总结了有关肺部接触CNT / CNF及其相关作用的文献。提供建议和结论，以解决啮齿动物吸入研究的测试指南修改问题，这些建议将基于暴露量-剂量-反应关系的分析，改进用于危险和风险表征的剂量外推模型。 CNT / CNF的几个物理化学参数，包括形状，团聚/聚集状态，表面性质，杂质和密度，都会影响毒性。这需要评估结构与肺反应之间的相关性。对于急性至慢性肺部暴露研究，建议使用啮齿动物全身暴露进行吸入。优选用于生产CNT / CNF气溶胶的干粉发生器方法，并确定用于测量质量，粒径和数量分布以及暴露室形态的特定仪器。讨论了建立与实际人类暴露相关的实验暴露浓度的方法，从而需要确定不切实际的高实验浓度，从而在与工作场所暴露无关的机制下诱发效应。包括将数据锚固到阳性和阴性基准材料所见结果的建议，以及暴露后观察期。建议使用特定支气管肺泡灌洗参数的最小数据集。需要收集保留的肺负荷数据，以便可以分析暴露-剂量-反应的相关性，并考虑剂量度量参数来解释结果，从而获得材料和哺乳动物物种之间的效价比较。最后，提出了需要填补数据空白的研究需求清单，以进一步改进啮齿动物吸入研究结果的设计，分析，解释和推断，以完善对人类有意义的风险评估。

著录项

相似文献

  • 外文文献
  • 中文文献
  • 专利
获取原文

客服邮箱：kefu@zhangqiaokeyan.com

京公网安备：11010802029741号 ICP备案号：京ICP备15016152号-6 六维联合信息科技 (北京) 有限公司©版权所有

  • 客服微信

  • 服务号