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首页> 外文期刊>Journal of Thermal Biology >Variation in thermally induced melanism in monarch butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) from three North American populations.
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Variation in thermally induced melanism in monarch butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) from three North American populations.

机译：来自三个北美种群的帝王蝶（鳞翅目：Nymphalidae）热诱导的黑色素变化。

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1 As ectotherms, insects often experience varying temperatures throughout their life cycle, and some respond by becoming more or less melanistic (dark coloring) during development to increase or decrease thermal energy absorption as larvae or adults. 2. Monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus) breed in temperate and tropical environments worldwide and are exposed to different average and extreme temperatures in different parts of their geographic range. In this study, we compared variation in thermally induced melanism among monarch butterflies from eastern and western North America and from South Florida. 3. We raised the progeny of wild-captured adult butterflies from these populations in a common garden experiment, rearing individuals in cold (19[degree]C), moderate (26[degree]C), and hot (32[degree]C) temperatures to examine population variation in larval and adult pigmentation. 4. Across all populations, monarch larvae developed the darkest coloration in the cold treatment and were lightest when reared in hot temperatures. Similar results were observed for measures of adult wing melanism, with the exception of adult females, which developed darker colored wings in warmer temperatures. 5. Significant population-level differences in average measures of melanism among larvae and adult butterflies were observed. Larvae from the eastern population became substantially darker in colder temperatures than S. Florida or western larvae. Western larvae were lightest overall, which might be adaptive to high temperatures experienced throughout portions of their summer breeding range. S. Florida larvae showed a lower response to cold temperatures relative to monarchs from either migratory population. 6. Population level differences were also observed for thermal responses in wing melanism, particularly among adult females. Moreover, we found significant family level effects for each measure of larval and adult melanism, pointing to a genetic basis or strong maternal effects influencing these traits in monarch butterflies. [copyright] 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
机译：1作为外感，昆虫在其整个生命周期中通常会经历温度变化，有些昆虫在发育过程中或多或少地变得忧郁（深色），以增加或减少幼虫或成虫的热能吸收。 2.帝王蝶（Danaus plexippus）在全球的温带和热带环境中繁殖，并且在其地理范围的不同部分暴露于不同的平均温度和极端温度。在这项研究中，我们比较了北美东部和西部以及南佛罗里达州的帝王蝶之间热诱导的黑色素变化。 3.在一个普通的花园实验中，我们从这些种群中繁殖了野生捕获的成年蝴蝶的后代，在寒冷（19°C），中度（26°C）和高温（32°C）饲养个体）温度，以检查幼虫和成人色素沉着的种群变化。 4.在所有种群中，帝王幼虫在冷处理中的颜色最深，在高温饲养时最轻。对于成年机翼黑色素病的测量方法也观察到了类似的结果，成年雌鸟除外，后者在较热的温度下会形成深色的机翼。 5.观察到幼虫和成年蝴蝶的黑色素平均测量值存在显着的人群水平差异。来自东部种群的幼虫在低温下比佛罗里达州南部或西部的幼虫变得暗得多。西部幼虫总体上最轻，这可能适应了整个夏季繁殖范围的高温。与来自任何一个迁徙种群的君主相比，S。Florida幼虫对低温的反应都较低。 6.还观察到了机翼黑色素症（特别是成年雌性）热反应的种群水平差异。此外，我们发现每种幼虫和成年黑素病的测量对家庭都有重大影响，这表明遗传因素或母体的强大影响会影响帝王蝶的这些特征。 [版权] 2005 Elsevier Ltd.保留所有权利。

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