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TRITICALE BIOTIC STRESSES - AN OVERVIEW

机译：TRITICALE生物应力-概述

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Triticale has been considered as resistant to diseases over a long time. Although, many authors perpetuate this opinion, it is no longer true. However, in comparison to wheat and rye triticale still may look as a healthy crop, but its healthiness hasbeen steadily declining. It could be explained by steady expansion of the growing area and longer exposure to pathogens. On the other hand, triticale is a crop on which meet pathogens of wheat and rye, but there is evidence that on triticale embedded more so called "wheat pathogens", than rye ones. For such an notable example may serve races of Puccinia reconduct. In the latter respect triticale also appears to be a bridge facilitating a direct contact between the pathogens, e.g. between physiological forms of the most important cereal rusts. Such contacts stimulate somatic hybridization on bridging triticale plant and may finally result in new hybrid pathotypes carrying virulence genes (factors) to all three hosts, i.e. triticale, wheat and rye. In addition to all triticale commercial and agronomical values, triticale still is and it will continue to be bridging transfers of resistance genes to various pathogens and pests mainly from rye to wheat. The paper will describe main diseases affecting triticale worldwide. The first disease which occurred on this cereal in epidemic proportions was stem rust (Pucinia graminis f. sp. tritici) in Australia. Leaf and stripe rusts (P. recondita f. sp. tritici and P. striiformis) are also have gained in importance everywhere triticale is grown. In recent years, at least in Poland, powdery mildew caused by Blumeria graminis occurred in epidemic proportions in quite a number of winter triticale cultivars. Similar phenomenon has been observed with quite a number ofother diseases caused by facultative pathogens, such as the most damaging to triticale the Stagonospora spp. leaf and glume blotch disease complex and other pathogens like Cochliobolus sativus, Fusarium culmorum, and F. graminearum, Microdochium nivale,Bipolaris sorokiniana, Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides, and Gaeumannomyces gramminis var. tritici inciting head, leaf and seedling blights and foot, crown and root rots. Diseases caused by bacteria, viruses, virus-like organisms and nematodes are also duly treated in this overview.
机译：小黑麦在很长一段时间以来一直被认为具有抗病能力。尽管许多作者都保留了这一观点，但事实不再如此。但是，与小麦和黑麦相比，小黑麦仍然看起来像是一种健康的农作物，但是其健康状况一直在稳步下降。这可以用生长面积的稳定扩大和病原体的长期暴露来解释。另一方面，黑小麦是一种可以遇见小麦和黑麦病原体的作物，但是有证据表明，黑小麦比黑麦具有更多的所谓“小麦病原体”。对于这样一个显着的例子可能服务于普契尼亚族的比赛。在后一方面，黑小麦也似乎是促进病原体之间直接接触的桥梁。之间最重要的谷物锈病的生理形式。这种接触刺激桥接小黑麦植物上的体细胞杂交，并最终可能导致携带毒力基因（因子）到所有三个宿主，即黑小麦，小麦和黑麦的新杂种病态。除所有黑小麦的商业和农艺价值外，黑小麦仍将继续存在，并且它将继续桥接抗性基因向各种病原体和害虫的转移，主要是从黑麦到小麦。本文将描述影响全球小黑麦的主要疾病。在该谷物上按流行病发生的第一种疾病是澳大利亚的茎锈病（Pucinia graminis f。sp。tritici）。在小黑麦生长的任何地方，叶锈病和条锈病（P. recondita f。sp。tritici和P. striiformis）也变得越来越重要。近年来，至少在波兰，由相当数量的冬季黑小麦品种以流行病的形式发生了由白粉病引起的白粉病。在由兼并性病原体引起的许多其他疾病中也观察到类似现象，例如对黑小麦的危害最大的是Stagonospora spp。叶片和颖片斑点病复合体和其他病原体，例如：Cochliobolus sativus，Fusarium culmorum和F. graminearum，Microdochium nivale，Bipolaris sorokiniana，Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides和Gaeumannomyces gramminis var。小麦引起头，叶和幼苗的枯萎以及脚，冠和根腐烂。由细菌，病毒，病毒样生物和线虫引起的疾病也在本概述中得到适当治疗。

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