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首页> 外文期刊>Journal of the Association for Research in Otolaryngology: JARO >Perceptual restoration of degraded speech is preserved with advancing age
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Perceptual restoration of degraded speech is preserved with advancing age

机译：随着年龄的增长，退化的语音的知觉恢复得以保留

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Cognitive skills, such as processing speed, memory functioning, and the ability to divide attention, are known to diminish with aging. The present study shows that, despite these changes, older adults can successfully compensate for degradations in speech perception. Critically, the older participants of this study were not pre-selected for high performance on cognitive tasks, but only screened for normal hearing. We measured the compensation for speech degradation using phonemic restoration, where intelligibility of degraded speech is enhanced using top-down repair mechanisms. Linguistic knowledge, Gestalt principles of perception, and expectations based on situational and linguistic context are used to effectively fill in the inaudible masked speech portions. A positive compensation effect was previously observed only with young normal hearing people, but not with older hearing-impaired populations, leaving the question whether the lack of compensation was due to aging or due to age-related hearing problems. Older participants in the present study showed poorer intelligibility of degraded speech than the younger group, as expected from previous reports of aging effects. However, in conditions that induce top-down restoration, a robust compensation was observed. Speech perception by the older group was enhanced, and the enhancement effect was similar to that observed with the younger group. This effect was even stronger with slowed-down speech, which gives more time for cognitive processing. Based on previous research, the likely explanations for these observations are that older adults can overcome age-related cognitive deterioration by relying on linguistic skills and vocabulary that they have accumulated over their lifetime. Alternatively, or simultaneously, they may use different cerebral activation patterns or exert more mental effort. This positive finding on top-down restoration skills by the older individuals suggests that new cognitive training methods can teach older adults to effectively use compensatory mechanisms to cope with the complex listening environments of everyday life.
机译：认知能力（例如处理速度，记忆功能和注意力分散能力）会随着年龄的增长而降低。本研究表明，尽管有这些变化，但老年人可以成功地补偿言语感知能力的下降。至关重要的是，这项研究的年龄较大的参与者并未因在认知任务上的高表现而被预先选定，而只是进行了正常听力的筛查。我们测量了使用音素恢复对语音质量下降的补偿，其中使用自上而下的修复机制增强了语音质量的清晰度。语言知识，格式塔知觉原则以及基于情境和语言环境的期望被用来有效地填充听不见的掩盖语音部分。以前，仅在正常的年轻听力人群中观察到了积极的补偿效果，而在老年人的听力受损人群中则没有观察到正补偿效果，这是缺少补偿的原因是由于衰老还是由于年龄相关的听力问题。正如先前关于衰老影响的报告所预期的那样，本研究中的较早参与者显示出语音退化的清晰度比较年轻的群体差。但是，在导致自上而下恢复的条件下，观察到了稳健的补偿。老年组的语音感知得到增强，并且增强效果类似于年轻组的观察效果。语音放慢的效果更明显，这为认知处理提供了更多时间。根据以前的研究，这些观察结果的可能解释是，老年人可以依靠他们一生中积累的语言技能和词汇来克服与年龄有关的认知能力下降。替代地或同时地，他们可以使用不同的大脑激活模式或施加更多的精神努力。老年人对自上而下的恢复技能的积极发现表明，新的认知训练方法可以教会老年人有效使用补偿机制来应对日常生活中复杂的听力环境。

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