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首页> 外文期刊>Cognition: International Journal of Cognitive Psychology >Task effects reveal cognitive flexibility responding to frequency and predictability: Evidence from eye movements in reading and proofreading
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Task effects reveal cognitive flexibility responding to frequency and predictability: Evidence from eye movements in reading and proofreading

机译：任务效果揭示了对频率和可预测性的认知灵活性：阅读和校对中眼睛运动的证据

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摘要

It is well-known that word frequency and predictability affect processing time. These effects change magnitude across tasks, but studies testing this use tasks with different response types (e.g., lexical decision, naming, and fixation time during reading; Schilling, Rayner, & Chumbley, 1998), preventing direct comparison. Recently, Kaakinen and Hy?n? (2010) overcame this problem, comparing fixation times in reading for comprehension and proofreading, showing that the frequency effect was larger in proofreading than in reading. This result could be explained by readers exhibiting substantial cognitive flexibility, and qualitatively changing how they process words in the proofreading task in a way that magnifies effects of word frequency. Alternatively, readers may not change word processing so dramatically, and instead may perform more careful identification generally, increasing the magnitude of many word processing effects (e.g., both frequency and predictability). We tested these possibilities with two experiments: subjects read for comprehension and then proofread for spelling errors (letter transpositions) that produce nonwords (e.g., trcak for track as in Kaakinen & Hy?n?) or that produce real but unintended words (e.g., trial for trail) to compare how the task changes these effects. Replicating Kaakinen and Hy?n?, frequency effects increased during proofreading. However, predictability effects only increased when integration with the sentence context was necessary to detect errors (i.e., when spelling errors produced words that were inappropriate in the sentence; trial for trail). The results suggest that readers adopt sophisticated word processing strategies to accommodate task demands.
机译：众所周知，词频和可预测性会影响处理时间。这些影响会随着任务的不同而变化，但是研究测试了使用这种具有不同响应类型的任务（例如在阅读过程中的词汇决策，命名和注视时间; Schilling，Rayner，＆Chumbley，1998），阻止了直接比较。最近，Kaakinen和Hy？n？ （2010）克服了这个问题，比较了阅读理解和校对时的注视时间，表明校对的频率效应大于阅读时的频率效应。读者可以表现出实质性的认知灵活性，并以扩大词频效果的方式定性地改变他们在校对任务中处理词的方式，从而可以解释这一结果。可替代地，读者可能不会如此显着地改变文字处理，而是可能通常执行更仔细的识别，从而增加了许多文字处理效果的幅度（​​例如，频率和可预测性）。我们通过两个实验测试了这些可能性：受试者阅读以理解，然后校对产生错误的拼写错误（字母换位）（例如，Kaakinen和Hy？n？中的trcak进行跟踪）或产生真实但无意的单词（例如，试用）以比较任务如何改变这些效果。复制Kaakinen和Hy？n ?，在校对过程中频率影响增加。但是，只有在需要与句子上下文集成才能检测到错误时（即，拼写错误产生了句子中不合适的单词时，才能进行可预见性测试），可预测性效果才会增加。结果表明，读者可以采用复杂的文字处理策略来满足任务要求。

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