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Conceptual illusions

机译：概念错觉

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摘要

Many concepts depend on negation and on relations such as conjunction and disjunction,as in the concept: rich or not democratic. This article reports studies that elucidate the men-tal representation of such concepts from descriptions of them. It proposes a theory basedon mental models, which represent only instances of a concept, and for each instance onlythose properties, affirmative or negative, that the description asserts as holding in theinstance. This representation lightens the demands on working memory, but it also leadsto predictable conceptual 'illusions' in which individuals envisage as instances of a conceptsome cases that in fact are non-instances, and vice versa. Experiments 1 and 2 demon-strated the occurrence of these illusions. Experiment 3 corroborated their results, andshowed that the illusions can be alleviated in a predictable way by predicates with certainmeanings. These findings cannot be easily explained by alternative theories.
机译：许多概念都取决于否定关系以及诸如合取和析取之类的关系，例如富裕或不民主。本文报道的研究从描述中阐明了这些概念的心理表征。它提出了一种基于心理模型的理论，该理论仅表示一个概念的实例，并且对于每种实例，仅该描述所主张的具有属性（肯定或否定）的属性。这种表示减轻了对工作记忆的需求，但同时也导致了可预见的概念“错觉”，在这种错觉中，个人设想为实际上是非实例的概念性案例的实例，反之亦然。实验1和2证明了这些错觉的发生。实验3证实了他们的结果，并表明可以通过具有特定含义的谓词以可预测的方式减轻错觉。这些发现很难用替代理论来解释。

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