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A channel in a transporter.

机译：运输者中的渠道。

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SUMMARY 1. Glutamate transporters (or excitatory amino acid transporters (EAAT)) are responsible for removing synaptically released glutamate from the extracellular space. The failure of EAAT to carry out this role will lead to excessive stimulation of glutamatergic receptors, causing excitotoxicity and cell death. 2. Glutamate is cotransported into the cell with three Na(+) and one H(+), followed by the counter-transport of one K(+). In addition, glutamate and Na(+) binding activates an uncoupled chloride conductance. Thus, glutamate transporters can function as both a transporter and an ion channel. At present, there is no clear understanding of the structural basis for the dual functions of glutamate transporters and, in the present review, we shall discuss some recent studies that have started to address this question. 3. It is possible to modulate one function of glutamate transporters without affecting the other, which suggests that the two functions have separate molecular determinants, and a number of models have been suggested to account for the dual functions of the EAAT that predict both single and dual pores for transporter function. 4. It appears that the two functions of glutamate transporters arise from separate transmembrane domains. The C-terminal region of the transporters forms the glutamate translocation domain, whereas the second transmembrane domain in the N-terminal half of the protein plays a crucial role in chloride channel function. Although the two functions arise from separate molecular determinants, the two functional domains are likely to be in close proximity. The significance of these observations will be discussed in terms of likely functional models for the transport and channel processes.
机译：概述1.谷氨酸转运蛋白（或兴奋性氨基酸转运蛋白（EAAT））负责从细胞外空间去除突触释放的谷氨酸。 EAAT不能发挥这种作用将导致谷氨酸能受体的过度刺激，引起兴奋性毒性和细胞死亡。 2.将谷氨酸与三种Na（+）和一种H（+）共转运到细胞中，然后反向转运一种K（+）。此外，谷氨酸盐和Na（+）绑定激活未耦合的氯化物电导。因此，谷氨酸转运蛋白可同时充当转运蛋白和离子通道。目前，对谷氨酸转运蛋白双重功能的结构基础尚无明确的了解，在本综述中，我们将讨论一些最近的研究，这些研究已开始解决这个问题。 3.可以调节谷氨酸转运蛋白的一种功能而不影响另一种功能，这表明这两种功能具有独立的分子决定因素，并且已经提出了许多模型来解释EAAT的双重功能，这些功能可以预测单个和单个双重孔具有转运功能。 4.似乎谷氨酸转运蛋白的两个功能来自分开的跨膜结构域。转运蛋白的C末端区域形成谷氨酸转运结构域，而蛋白质N末端一半中的第二个跨膜结构域在氯离子通道功能中起关键作用。尽管这两个功能来自单独的分子决定簇，但两个功能域可能非常接近。将根据传输和通道过程的可能功能模型来讨论这些观察的意义。

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