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Applications of Ionic Liquids in Carbohydrate Chemistry:A Window of Opportunities

机译：离子液体在碳水化合物化学中的应用：机会之窗

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Ionic liquids (ILs) are composed only of ions.Of special interest to this review are those where at least one ion (the cation) is organic and whose melting points are below or not far above room temperature.ILs are designated as "green" solvents because they have extremely low vapor pressure,are noninflammable,and thermally and chemically stable.Therefore,many of them can be,in principle,recycled into the process indefinitely.The objective of the present review is to discuss different aspects of the use of ILs in carbohydrate chemistry,in particular,dissolution and funetionalization of simple sugars,cyclodextrins,cellulose,starch,and chitin/chitosan.The molecular structure and synthesis of ILs most frequently employed in carbohydrate chemistry are discussed with an emphasis on imidazolium and pyridinium cations with different counterions.The physicochemical properties of ILs that are relevant to the dissolution and funetionalization of carbohydrates,in particular their polarities and hydrogen-bonding abilities,are discussed.Dissolution of simple saccharides and biopolymers in ILs is presented with an emphasis on the mechanism of carbohydrate-IL interactions.Finally,the very interesting novel applications of the solutions obtained are addressed.These include,inter alia,spinning of the dissolved biopolymer into fibers,extrusion into slabs and rods,formation of matrixes for a myriad of substrates,including biomacromolecules,formation of nanocomposites,and funetionalization to produce important derivatives.The use of ILs in many branches of science is expanding fast;it is hoped that this review will draw the attention of researchers to the "window of opportunities" that these green solvents open into carbohydrate chemistry.
机译：离子液体（ILs）仅由离子组成。对于此审查特别感兴趣的是那些至少一个离子（阳离子）是有机的并且其熔点低于或低于室温的液体。IL被称为“绿色”。由于它们具有极低的蒸气压，不易燃并且具有热稳定性和化学稳定性，因此原则上可以将它们中的许多无限期地再循环到工艺中。本综述的目的是讨论使用IL在碳水化合物化学中的应用，特别是对单糖，环糊精，纤维素，淀粉和几丁质/壳聚糖的溶解和功能化。讨论了在碳水化合物化学中最常使用的IL的分子结构和合成，重点是咪唑鎓和吡啶鎓阳离子与IL的理化性质与碳水化合物的溶解和功能化有关，尤其是其极性和h讨论了氢键的能力。介绍了简单的糖类和生物聚合物在白介素中的溶解，重点是糖类与白介素相互作用的机理。最后，讨论了所得溶液非常有趣的新应用。这些应用尤其包括：将溶解的生物聚合物纺丝成纤维，挤出成平板和棒状，形成多种基质的基质（包括生物大分子），形成纳米复合材料以及进行功能化以生产重要的衍生物。IL在许多科学领域的应用正在迅速扩展;希望这篇综述将引起研究人员对这些绿色溶剂进入碳水化合物化学的“机会之窗”的关注。

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