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Decrease in evaporation over the Indian monsoon region: implication on regional hydrological cycle

机译：印度季风区蒸发减少：对区域水文循环的影响

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Using surface observations from 58 widely distributed stations over India, a highly significant (99.9 %) decreasing trend of pan evaporation (E-pan) of 9.24 mm/a/a is calculated for 1971 to 2010. This constitutes a similar to 10 % reduction of E-pan over the last four decades. While E-pan is decreasing during the wet summer monsoon season (JJAS), as well as during the dry rest of the year, the rate of decrease during the dry season is much larger than that during the wet season. Apart from increasing solar dimming, surface winds are also persistently decreasing over the Indian sub-continent at the rate of -0.02 m/s/a resulting in similar to 40 % reduction over the last four decades. Based on PenPan model, it is shown that both the above factors contribute significantly to the decreasing trend in E-pan. On a continental scale, annual mean potential evaporation (E-p) is larger than rainfall (P or E-p-P > 0, moisture divergence) indicating that India is water-limited. However, during wet monsoon P > E-p (or E-p-P < 0, moisture convergence) indicating that India is energy-limited during this season. Long term data shows that annually E-p-P follows a significant decreasing trend indicating that water limitation is decreasing with time. This is largely due to stronger decreasing trend of E-p-P during the dry season compared to weaker increasing trend of E-p-P during the wet monsoon season. The scatter plot of E-p-P versus E-p also conveys that the decrease in E-p leads to increase in moisture convergence in wet season and decrease in moisture divergence in dry season.
机译：使用印度58个分布广泛的站点的地面观测资料，可以计算出1971年至2010年锅蒸发量（E-pan）显着下降（99.9％）的趋势，为9.24 mm / a / a。这相当于减少了10％过去40年中的E-pan数量。在夏季季风湿季（JJAS）以及一年中的其余月份，E-pan下降，而干旱季的下降率要比湿季大得多。除了日光减弱外，印度次大陆上的地表风也以-0.02 m / s / a的速度持续减少，在过去的40年中减少了近40％。基于PenPan模型，表明以上两个因素均对E-pan的下降趋势有显着影响。在大陆范围内，年平均潜在蒸发量（E-p）大于降雨（P或E-p-P> 0，水分发散），表明印度的水量有限。但是，在季风湿润P> E-p（或E-p-P <0，水分会聚）期间，表明印度在此季节能量有限。长期数据显示，每年E-p-P呈显着下降趋势，表明水分限制随时间而减少。这主要是由于干旱季节E-p-P的下降趋势较强，而湿季风期间E-p-P的上升趋势较弱。 E-p-P与E-p的散点图还表明，E-p的减少导致在潮湿季节水分会聚增加，而在干燥季节水分会减少发散。

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