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Weakening mechanisms imposed on California's levees under multiyear extreme drought

机译：多年极端干旱下加州堤防的减弱机制

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摘要

California is currently suffering from a multiyear extreme drought and the impacts of the drought are anticipated to worsen with climate change. The resilience of California's critical infrastructure such as earthen levees under drought conditions is a major concern that is poorly understood. California maintains more than 21,000 km of urban and nonurban levees which protect dry land from floods and deliver two-thirds of the state's drinking water. Many of these levees are currently operating under a high failure risk condition. This essay argues that California's protracted drought can further threaten the integrity of these already at-risk levee systems through the imposition of several thermo-hydro-mechanical weakening processes. Pertinent facts and statistics regarding California's drought and current status of its levees are presented. Lessons from previous catastrophic levee failures and major damages which occurred under similar events are discussed. Weakening processes such as soil-strength reduction, soil desiccation cracking, land subsidence and surface erosion, and microbial oxidation of soil organic carbon are comprehensively evaluated to illustrate the adverse impacts that the ongoing California drought can have on levees. This essay calls for further research in light of these potential drought-induced weakening mechanisms to support adaptation and mitigation strategies to possibly avert future levee failures. These weakening processes can threaten any drought-stricken infrastructure interfacing with soil, including embankments, roads, bridges, building foundations, and pipelines.
机译：加州目前正遭受多年的极端干旱之苦，预计干旱的影响会随着气候变化而加剧。加州关键基础设施（如土堤）在干旱条件下的复原力是人们普遍关注的一个主要问题。加州维护着超过21,000公里的城市和非城市堤防，以保护干旱地区免受洪水侵袭，并提供该州三分之二的饮用水。这些堤防中有许多目前在高故障风险条件下运行。本文认为，加利福尼亚州旷日持久的干旱会通过实施几种热液-水力削弱过程，进一步威胁这些已经处于危险中的堤防系统的完整性。介绍了有关加州干旱及其堤防现状的有关事实和统计数据。讨论了以前在类似事件下发生的大堤堤坝故障和重大损失的教训。对土壤强度降低，土壤干燥开裂，土地沉降和表面侵蚀以及土壤有机碳的微生物氧化等弱化过程进行了综合评估，以说明加利福尼亚州持续干旱对堤坝的不利影响。鉴于这些潜在的干旱诱发的减弱机制，以支持适应和缓解策略，可能避免未来的堤防破坏，本文呼吁进一步研究。这些减弱的过程可能威胁到与土壤相接的遭受干旱袭击的基础设施，包括路堤，道路，桥梁，建筑基础和管道。

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