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首页> 外文期刊>Computers and Electronics in Agriculture >Convective heat and mass exchange predictions at leaf surfaces: applications, methods and perspectives.
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Convective heat and mass exchange predictions at leaf surfaces: applications, methods and perspectives.

机译：叶表面对流热交换和质量交换的预测：应用，方法和观点。

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Convective heat and mass exchange of leaves with the environment is relevant for a better understanding of plant physiological processes in response to environmental factors for a wide range of applications. Methods for quantifying these exchanges have been a subject of active research, as they allow to explain the functions of leaves, their effects on gas and water transport in plants and the heat and mass exchange of plant canopies with the environment. Furthermore, they provide input on these exchange rates to simulation models of pre- and postharvest operations and of leaf/plant/tree/canopy-environment systems. An overview is given on the different methods to obtain convective transfer predictions, namely analytical, experimental (i.e., by laboratory or field tests) and numerical methods, and their restrictions and current knowledge gaps are identified. Analytical methods for flat plates are the most simplified approach but lack physical similarity with real leaves. The majority of the methods used are however sensor-based, using real, artificial but also virtual leaf sensors. For experimental research in the field or in the laboratory (e.g., wind tunnel), special attention is given here to the sensors used, namely real and artificial leaves. Numerical methods are based on computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations to predict air-side convective transfer on virtual leaves, but have not been readily applied at leaf and sub-leaf level, despite their large potential here. Instead of commonly-used convective transfer coefficients, CFD allows direct, case-specific predictions of convective transfer, at different levels of complexity and at a very high spatial and temporal resolution. A particular difficulty in all methods is to account for stomata, which result in very heterogeneous heat and mass boundary conditions over the leaf surface at microscale level, and also for microscale surface roughness (e.g., trichomes). Future perspectives are mainly oriented towards CFD, but the challenge will be to model convective transfer at multiple scales and to couple them using a multiscale approach.
机译：叶片与环境的对流热交换和质量交换对于更好地理解植物的生理过程具有重要意义，以应对环境因素的广泛应用。量化这些交换的方法一直是积极研究的主题，因为它们可以解释叶片的功能，其对植物中气体和水的运输的影响以及植物冠层与环境的热和质量交换。此外，它们将这些汇率的输入值提供给收获前和收获后操作以及叶片/植物/树木/冠层环境系统的模拟模型。概述了获得对流转移预测的不同方法，即分析，实验（即通过实验室或现场测试）和数值方法，并确定了它们的限制和当前的知识差距。平板的分析方法是最简化的方法，但缺乏与真实叶子的物理相似性。但是，大多数使用的方法都是基于传感器的，使用真实的，人工的以及虚拟的叶子传感器。对于野外或实验室（例如风洞）的实验研究，此处特别注意所使用的传感器，即真叶和人造叶。数值方法基于计算流体动力学（CFD）模拟，以预测虚拟叶片上的空气对流传递，但尽管在此处具有很大的潜力，但尚未在叶片和亚叶一级应用。 CFD代替了常用的对流传递系数，可以对流传递进行直接的，针对特定案例的预测，且预测的复杂度不同，空间和时间分辨率也很高。所有方法中的一个特殊困难是要考虑气孔，气孔会导致叶片表面在微尺度水平上非常不均匀的热量和质量边界条件，并且还会导致微尺度的表面粗糙度（例如毛状体）。未来的观点主要是针对差价合约，但是挑战将是在多尺度上建立对流转移模型，并使用多尺度方法将它们耦合起来。

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