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Mitochondrial DNA variability in Italian and East European wolves: Detecting the consequences of small population size and hybridization

机译：意大利和东欧狼的线粒体DNA变异：检测小种群和杂交的后果

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The Italian wolf (Canis lupus) population has declined continuously over the last few centuries and become isolated as a result of the extermination of other populations in central Europe and the Alps during the nineteenth century. In the 1970s, approximately 100 wolves survived in 10 isolated areas in the central and southern Italian Apennines. Loss of genetic variability, as suggested by preliminary studies of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences, hybridization with feral dogs, and the illegal release of captive, non-native wolves are considered potential threats to the viability of the Italian wolf population. We sequenced 546 base pairs of the mtDNA control region in a comprehensive set of Italian wolves and compared them to those of dogs and other wolf populations from Europe and the Near East. Our data confirm the absence of mtDNA variability in Italian wolves: all 101 individuals sampled across their distribution in Italy had the same, unique haplotype, whereas seven haplotypes were found in only 26 wolves from an outbred population in Bulgaria. Most haplotypes were specific either to wolves or dogs, but some east European wolves shared haplotypes with dogs, indicative of hybridization. In contrast, neither hybridization with dogs nor introgression of non-native wolves was detected in the Italian population. These findings exclude the introgression of dog genes via matings between male wolves and female dogs, the most likely direction of hybridization. The observed mtDNA monomorphism is the possible outcome of random drift in the declining and isolated Italian wolf population, which probably existed at low effective population size during the last 100-150 years. Low effective population size and the continued loss of genetic variability might be a major threat to the long-term viability of Italian wolves. A controlled demographic increase, leading to recolonization of the historical wolf range in Italy, should be enforced. [References: 44]
机译：在过去的几个世纪中，意大利狼（Canis lupus）的种群数量持续下降，并由于19世纪中欧和阿尔卑斯山其他种群的灭绝而变得孤立。 1970年代，在意大利亚平宁山脉中部和南部的10个偏远地区，大约有100头狼存活。线粒体DNA（mtDNA）序列的初步研究表明，遗传变异性的丧失，与野狗的杂交以及非法释放圈养的非本土狼被认为是对意大利狼种群生存能力的潜在威胁。我们在一组全面的意大利狼中对mtDNA调控区域的546个碱基对进行了测序，并将其与来自欧洲和近东的狗和其他狼种群进行了比较。我们的数据证实了意大利狼中不存在mtDNA变异性：在意大利分布的所有101名个体均具有相同，独特的单倍型，而在保加利亚的近交种群中，只有26只狼中发现了7个单倍型。大多数单倍型对狼或狗都是特异性的，但是一些东欧狼与狗共有单倍型，这表明杂交。相反，在意大利人口中既未发现与狗杂交，也未发现非原生狼的渗入。这些发现排除了雄性狼和雌性狗之间通过交配而使狗基因渗入的可能性，这是最可能的杂交方向。观察到的mtDNA单态性是在下降和孤立的意大利狼种群中随机漂移的可能结果，该种群可能在过去100-150年中以低有效种群规模存在。有效种群数量少和遗传变异性的持续丧失可能是对意大利狼长期生存能力的重大威胁。应当控制人口增长，以使意大利的历史狼群重新定殖。 [参考：44]

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