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Shift of spawning season and effects of climate warming on developmental stages of a grayling (Salmonidae)

机译：产卵季节的变化和气候变暖对河鳟（鲑科）发育阶段的影响

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摘要

River-dwelling fish, such as European graylings (Thymallus thymallus.), are susceptible to changes in climate because they can often not avoid suboptimal temperatures, especially during early developmental stages. We analyzed data collected in a 62-year-long (1948-2009) population monitoring program. Male and female graylings were sampled about three times/week during the yearly spawning season in order to follow the development of the population. The occurrence of females bearing ripe eggs was used to approximate the timing of each spawning season. In the last years of the study, spawning season was more than 3 weeks earlier than in the first years. This shift was linked to increasing water temperatures as recorded over the last 39 years with a temperature logger at the spawning site. In early spring water temperatures rose more slowly than in later spring. Thus, embryos and larvae were exposed to increasingly colder water at a stage that is critical for sex determination and pathogen resistance in other salmonids. In summer, however, fry were exposed to increasingly warmer temperatures. The changes in water temperatures that we found embryos, larvae, and fry were exposed to could be contributing to the decline in abundance that has occurred over the last 30-40 years.
机译：栖息在河中的鱼类，例如欧洲河鳟（Thymallus thymallus。），易受气候变化的影响，因为它们通常无法避免温度偏低的情况，尤其是在发育初期。我们分析了一项为期62年（1948-2009年）的人口监测计划中收集的数据。为了追踪种群的发展，在每年的产卵季节中，每周对雄性和雌性河鳟进行采样大约三次。用产卵的雌鱼的出现来估计每个产卵季节的时间。在研究的最后几年，产卵季节比最初几年提前了三个多星期。这种变化与最近39年来产卵场温度记录仪记录的水温升高有关。早春的水温比晚春的水温升慢。因此，在对决定性别和其他鲑鱼的病原体抵抗力至关重要的阶段，胚胎和幼虫暴露于越来越冷的水中。然而，在夏天，鱼苗暴露在越来越温暖的温度下。我们发现胚胎，幼虫和鱼苗所接触的水温变化可能导致过去30-40年内丰度下降。

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