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Patch size and connectivity thresholds for butterfly habitat restoration

机译：蝴蝶栖息地恢复的斑块大小和连接性阈值

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Recovery of endangered species in highly fragmented habitats often requires habitat restoration. Selection of restoration sites typically involves too many options and too much uncertainty to reach a decision based on. existing reserve design. methods. The Fender's blue butterfly (Icaricia icarioides fenderi) survives in small, isolated patches of remnant prairie in Oregon's Willamette Valley-a habitat for which <0.5% of the original remains. Recovery of this species will require considerable habitat restoration. We investigated the potential of biologically based rules of thumb and more complex models to serve as tools in making land acquisitions. Based on Fender's blue dispersal behavior and demography, we have estimated that restored patches should be <1 km from existing habitat and at least 2 ha. We compared these rules to the results of two modeling approaches: an incidence function model and a spatially explicit simulation of demography and dispersal behavior: Not surprisingly, the simple rules and complex models all conclude that large (>2 ha) connected (<1 kin) patches have the highest restoration value. The dispersal model, however, suggests that small, connected patches have more restoration value than large, isolated patches, whereas the incidence function model suggests that size and connectivity are equally important. These differences stem from model assumptions. We used incidence functions to predict long-term, stochastic, steady-state conditions and dispersal simulations to predict short-term (25 year) colonization dynamics. To apply our results in the context of selecting restoration sites on the ground, we recommend selecting nearby sites when short-term colonization dynamics are expected to be an important aspect of a species' biology.
机译：在高度零散的生境中恢复濒危物种通常需要恢复生境。选择恢复地点通常涉及太多选择和太多不确定性，因此无法做出决策。现有储备设计。方法。防御者的蓝蝴蝶（Icaricia icarioides fenderi）在俄勒冈州威拉米特谷（Willamette Valley）的一片稀少的残留大草原中生存，该栖息地的面积不到原始物种的0.5％。恢复该物种将需要大量的栖息地恢复。我们研究了基于生物的经验法则和更复杂的模型作为进行土地收购的工具的潜力。根据Fender的蓝色扩散行为和人口统计学，我们估计恢复的斑块应距现有栖息地<1 km且至少2公顷。我们将这些规则与两种建模方法的结果进行了比较：入射函数模型以及人口统计和扩散行为的空间显式模拟：毫不奇怪，简单的规则和复杂的模型都得出结论：大的（> 2 ha）连接（<1 kin） ）修补程序具有最高的恢复价值。然而，分散模型表明，连接的小斑块比孤立的大斑块具有更大的恢复价值，而入射函数模型表明，大小和连通性同等重要。这些差异源于模型假设。我们使用发病率函数来预测长期，随机，稳态条件，并使用扩散模拟来预测短期（25年）定居动态。为了将我们的结果应用于选择地面恢复位点的环境中，建议在短期定居动态有望成为物种生物学重要方面的情况下，选择附近的位点。

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