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首页> 外文期刊>Conservation Biology >Pacific salmon extinctions: Quantifying lost and remaining diversity
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Pacific salmon extinctions: Quantifying lost and remaining diversity

机译：太平洋鲑鱼的灭绝：量化丧失和剩余的多样性

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Widespread population extirpations and the consequent loss of ecological, genetic, and life-history diversity can lead to extinction of evolutionarily significant units (ESUs) and species. We attempted to systematically enumerate extinct Pacific salmon populations and characterize lost ecological, life history, and genetic diversity types among six species of Pacific salmon (Chinook [Oncorhynchus tshawytscha], sockeye [O. nerka], cobo [O. kisutch], chum [O. keta], and pink salmon [O. gorbuscha] and steelbead trout [O. mykiss]) from the western contiguous United States. We estimated that, collectively, 29% of nearly 1400 historical populations of these six species have been lost from the Pacific Northwest and California since Euro-American contact. Across all species there was a highly significant difference in the proportion of population extinctions between coastal (0.14 extinct) and interior (0.55 extinct) regions. Sockeye salmon (which typically rely on lacustrine habitats for rearing) and stream-maturing Chinook salmon (which stay in freshwater for many months prior to spawning) had significantly higher proportional population losses than other species and maturation types. Aggregate losses of major ecological, life-history, and genetic biodiversity components across all species were estimated at 33%, 15%, and 27%, respectively. Collectively, we believe these population extirpations represent a loss of between 16% and 30% of all historical ESUs in the study area. On the other hand, over two-thirds of historical Pacific salmon populations in this area persist, and considerable diversity remains at all scales. Because over one-third of the remaining populations belong to threatened or endangered species listed under the US. Endangered Species Act, it is apparent that a critical juncture has been reached in efforts to preserve what remains of Pacific salmon diversity. It is also evident that persistence of existing, and evolution of future, diversity will depend on the ability of Pacific salmon to adapt to anthropogenically altered habitats.
机译：广泛的种群灭绝和随之而来的生态，遗传和生活史多样性的丧失可能导致进化上重要的单位（ESU）和物种灭绝。我们试图系统地枚举灭绝的太平洋鲑鱼种群，并描述太平洋鲑鱼（Chinook [Oncorhynchus tshawytscha]，sockeye [O. nerka]，cobo [O. kisutch]，chum [ O. keta]和粉红色的鲑鱼[O. gorbuscha]和钢珠鳟鱼[O. mykiss]）。我们估计，自从欧美接触以来，这六个物种的近1400个历史种群中有29％从太平洋西北地区和加利福尼亚失去了。在所有物种中，沿海地区（0.14灭绝）和内陆地区（0.55灭绝）之间的种群灭绝比例存在很大差异。红鲑鱼（通常依靠湖泊栖息地进行饲养）和溪流成熟的奇努克鲑鱼（在产卵前在淡水中停留数月）与其他物种和成熟类型相比，比例种群损失显着更高。估计所有物种中主要生态，生活史和遗传生物多样性组成部分的总损失分别为33％，15％和27％。总的来说，我们认为这些种群灭绝使研究区域的所有历史ESU损失了16％至30％。另一方面，该地区超过三分之二的历史太平洋鲑鱼种群仍然存在，而且各个规模的多样性仍然很大。因为其余三分之一以上的人口属于美国所列的受威胁或濒危物种。在《濒危物种法》中，显然在保护太平洋鲑鱼多样性的遗存方面已达到关键时刻。同样明显的是，现有多样性的持久性和未来的发展将取决于太平洋鲑鱼适应人为改变的栖息地的能力。

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