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Edge influence on forest structure and composition in fragmented landscapes

机译：边缘对零散景观中森林结构和组成的影响

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Although forest edges have been studied extensively as an important consequence of fragmentation, a unifying theory of edge influence has yet to be developed. Our objective was to take steps toward the development of such a theory by (1) synthesizing the current knowledge of patterns of forest structure and composition at anthropogenically created forest edges, (2) developing hypotheses about the magnitude and distance of edge influence that consider the ecological processes influencing these patterns, and (3) identifying needs for future research. We compiled data from 44 published studies on edge influence on forest structure and composition in boreal, temperate, and tropical forests. Abiotic and biotic gradients near created forest edges generate a set of primary responses to edge creation. Indirect effects from these primary responses and the original edge gradient perpetuate edge influence, leading to secondary responses. Further changes in vegetation affect the edge environment, resulting in ongoing edge dynamics. We suggest that the magnitude and distance of edge influence are a direct function of the contrast in structure and composition between adjacent communities on either side of the edge. Local factors such as climate, edge characteristics, stand attributes, and biotic factors affect patch contrast. Regional factors define the context within which to assess the ecological significance of edge influence (the degree to which the edge habitat differs from interior forest habitat). Our hypotheses will help predict edge influence on structure and composition in forested ecosystems, an important consideration for conservation. For future research on forest edges in fragmented landscapes, we encourage the testing of our hypotheses, the use of standardized methodology, complete descriptions of study sites, studies on other types of edges, synthesis of edge influence on different components of the ecosystem, and investigations of edges in a landscape context.
机译：尽管作为边缘破碎的重要结果已对森林边缘进行了广泛的研究，但尚未开发出统一的边缘影响理论。我们的目标是通过（1）综合现有的关于人为造成的森林边缘的森林结构和组成模式的知识，（2）提出关于边缘影响的大小和距离的假设，来朝着这种理论的发展迈进。影响这些模式的生态过程，以及（3）确定未来研究的需求。我们收集了44篇有关边缘对北方，温带和热带森林的森林结构和组成的影响的研究数据。在所创造的森林边缘附近的非生物和生物梯度产生了一系列对边缘创造的主要反应。这些主要响应和原始边缘梯度的间接影响使边缘影响永久存在，从而导致次要响应。植被的进一步变化影响边缘环境，导致持续的边缘动态。我们认为，边缘影响的大小和距离是边缘任一侧上相邻社区之间结构和成分对比的直接函数。气候，边缘特征，林分特性和生物因素等局部因素会影响斑块对比度。区域因素定义了评估边缘影响的生态意义的环境（边缘生境与内部森林生境的差异程度）。我们的假设将有助于预测对森林生态系统结构和组成的边缘影响，这是保护的重要考虑因素。对于将来在零散景观中森林边缘的研究，我们鼓励检验我们的假设，使用标准化方法，完整描述研究地点，研究其他类型的边缘，综合边缘对生态系统不同组成部分的影响以及调查在景观环境中的边缘。

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