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Amphibian breeding distribution in an urbanized landscape

机译：城市化景观中的两栖动物繁殖分布

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Amphibians commonly use wetlands for breeding habitat, and given the concern about their ongoing global declines, the effects of urbanization on the breeding distribution of amphibians need to be quantified. Thus, we conducted a survey of the larval amphibian community in central Pennsylvania (U.S.A.) wetlands along an urbanization gradient. Wetlands in urban areas had less surrounding forest and wetlands and greater road density than rural wetlands. Urbanization was also associated with increases in hydroperiod (i.e., wetland permanency) and the presence of fish predators. Moreover, urban wetlands had lower larval amphibian species richness than rural wetlands. This decrease in richness was attributable to a decrease in occurrence of wood frogs (Rana sylvatica) and ambystomatid salamanders (Ambystoma maculatum and A. jeffersonianum) in urban sites. Wood frogs and ambystomatid salamanders were positively associated with the amount of forest surrounding sites and negatively associated with hydroperiod. As a result, we hypothesize that these species are sensitive to the effects of urban development. The remaining species in this study appear fairly resilient to the effects of urbanization. These data demonstrate the importance of quantifying both local and landscape attributes when describing the factors that limit the breeding distribution of amphibians. We recommend that to preserve amphibian biodiversity in urbanized landscapes, it is best to focus on regional diversity, which protects a variety of sites that encompass various hydroperiods, have adequate buffer habitat, and are connected by dispersal routes.
机译：两栖动物通常使用湿地来繁殖栖息地，并且由于担心其持续的全球衰退，需要量化城市化对两栖动物繁殖分布的影响。因此，我们沿着城市化梯度对宾夕法尼亚州中部（美国）湿地的幼虫两栖动物群落进行了调查。与农村湿地相比，城市湿地周围的森林和湿地更少，道路密度更高。城市化还与水文期（即湿地永久性）的增加和鱼类捕食者的存在有关。此外，城市湿地的幼虫两栖动物物种丰富度低于农村湿地。丰富度的下降归因于城市地区蛙类（林蛙）和am虫类sal（Ambystoma maculatum和A. jeffersonianum）的出现减少。木蛙和ambystomatid am与森林周围地点的数量呈正相关，与水周期呈负相关。结果，我们假设这些物种对城市发展的影响敏感。这项研究中的其余物种似乎对城市化的影响具有相当的弹性。这些数据说明了描述限制两栖动物繁殖分布的因素时，量化局部和景观属性的重要性。我们建议，要保护城市化景观中的两栖动物生物多样性，最好将重点放在区域多样性上，因为它可以保护各种地点，这些地点包括各种水文时期，适当的缓冲区栖息地，并通过分散路线相连。

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