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Evaluating wolf translocation as a nonlethal method to reduce livestock conflicts in the northwestern United States

机译：将狼易位评估为减少美国西北部牲畜冲突的非致命方法

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摘要

Successful nonlethal management of livestock predation is important for conserving rare or endangered carnivores. In the northwestern United States, wolves (Canis lupus) have been translocated away from livestock to mitigate conflicts while promoting wolf restoration. We assessed predation on livestock, pack establishment, survival, and homing behavior of 88 translocated wolves with radiotelemetry to determine the effectiveness of translocation in our region and consider how it may be improved. More than one-quarter of translocated wolves preyed on livestock after release. Most translocated wolves (67%) never established or joined a pack, although eight new packs resulted from translocations. Translocated wolves had lower annual survival (0.60) than other radio-collared wolves (0.73), with government removal the primary source of mortality. In northwestern Montana, where most wolves have settled in human-populated areas with livestock, survival of translocated wolves was lowest (0.41) and more wolves Proportionally failed to establish packs (83%) after release. Annual survival of translocated wolves was highest in central Idaho (0.71) and more wolves proportionally established packs (44%) there than in the other two recovery areas. Translocated wolves showed a strong homing tendency; most of those that failed to home still showed directional movement toward capture sites. Wolves that successfully returned to capture sites were more likely to be adults, hard (immediately) rather than soft (temporarily held in enclosure) released, and translocated shorter distances than other wolves that did not return home. Success of translocations varied and was most affected by the area in which wolves were released. We suggest managers translocating wolves or other large carnivores consider soft releasing individuals (in family groups, if social) when feasible because this may decrease homing behavior and increase release-site fidelity.
机译：成功的非致命性牲畜捕食管理对保护稀有或濒临灭绝的食肉动物很重要。在美国西北部，狼（Canis lupus）已经从家畜中转移出去，以减轻冲突，同时促进狼的恢复。我们用放射遥测技术评估了88头易位狼对牲畜的捕食，包装的建立，生存和归巢行为，以确定我们地区易位的有效性并考虑如何加以改善。释放后，四分之一以上的易位狼以牲畜为食。大多数易位狼（67％）从未建立或加入过一群，尽管有八只新的狼是由易位造成的。易位狼的年生存率（0.60）比其他放射性领狼（0.73）低，而政府清除是主要的死亡率来源。在蒙大拿州西北部，大多数狼都定居在有牲畜的人口稠密地区，移居后的狼的存活率最低（0.41），更多的狼释放后成群地无法建立群（83％）。在爱达荷州中部，易位狼的年生存率最高（0.71），并且比其他两个恢复区域中按比例建立的群（44％）的狼更多。易位的狼有很强的归巢趋势。大多数未能回家的人仍然表现出向捕获地点的定向运动。成功返回捕获地点的狼更有可能是成年的，较硬的（立即）释放，而不是较软的（暂时关在笼子里），并且比其他未归巢的狼转移的距离更短。易位成功的方式各不相同，并且受狼释放区域的影响最大。我们建议迁移狼或其他大型食肉动物的经理在可行的情况下考虑软释放个体（在家庭中，如果是社交群体），因为这可能会降低归巢行为并提高释放部位的逼真度。

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