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Habitat mosaic, wildlife availability, and hunting in the tropical forest of Calakmul, Mexico

机译：栖息地马赛克，野生动植物的可利用性以及在墨西哥卡拉克穆尔热带森林中的狩猎

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摘要

Habitat loss and subsistence hunting are two of the main activities that affect wildlife in frontier areas. We compared subsistence hunting patterns in four villages with different ethnic composition and degree of habitat disturbance in the vicinity of Calakmul Biosphere Reserve, Campeche, Mexico. We also compared differences between some of these villages in harvest composition and prey availability to determine hunting preferences. We used a Landsat TM satellite image to analyze the degree of disturbance around the villages. We conducted periodic surveys of subsistence hunting and prey availability. Wildlife availability was assessed monthly on nine transects (3000 m) established in the vicinity of three villages. The relative around of disturbed habitat was smaller in a indigenous Maya village (IV) and larger in a mestizo village (MV). The two mixed-composition villages (MCVs) had intermediate levels of disturbance. Ten species, four large and six small, of birds and mammals accounted for 97% of the hunting records. Hunting was more intense in IV and less intense in MCV1. The three village types has different hunting preferences. The habitat-mosaic composition in the vicinity of the villages influenced prey availability and subsistence-hunting preferences. Changes in the habitat mosaic were caused by the size of the holding and by ethnic composition. In spite of longer settlement time, the habitat mosaic in the vicinity of IV was less transformed than that of the other sites. Their larger holding size and greater diversity of economic activities may explain why the Mayas at IV have transformed the landscape less than the other groups and can hunt more and larger prey. [References: 37]
机译：生境丧失和生存狩猎是影响边境地区野生生物的两个主要活动。我们比较了墨西哥坎佩切州卡拉克穆尔生物圈保护区附近具有不同族裔组成和栖息地干扰程度的四个村庄的生存狩猎模式。我们还比较了其中一些村庄的收成构成和猎物可获得性之间的差异，以确定狩猎偏好。我们使用Landsat TM卫星图像分析了村庄周围的干扰程度。我们对生计狩猎和猎物可用性进行了定期调查。每月在三个村庄附近建立的九个样地（3000 m）上评估野生生物的可利用性。受干扰的栖息地的相对范围在土著玛雅人村庄（IV）中较小，而在混血儿村庄（MV）中较大。这两个混合村庄（MCV）的干扰程度中等。鸟类和哺乳动物的十个物种，四个大和六个小，占狩猎记录的97％。 IV的狩猎强度更高，而MCV1的狩猎强度更低。这三种村庄类型具有不同的狩猎偏好。村庄附近的生境-马赛克组成影响猎物的可获得性和谋生狩猎的偏好。栖息地马赛克的变化是由土地的大小和种族组成引起的。尽管定居时间较长，但IV附近的生境马赛克与其他地点相比变化不大。它们更大的控股规模和更大范围的经济活动可能解释了为什么四世时期的玛雅人比其他群体改变了地貌，并可以猎捕更多更大的猎物。 [参考：37]

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