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Climate Change, Marine Environments, and the U.S. Endangered Species Act

机译：气候变化，海洋环境和美国濒危物种法

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摘要

Climate change is expected to be a top driver of global biodiversity loss in the 21st century. It poses new challenges to conserving and managing imperiled species, particularly in marine and estuarine ecosystems. The use of climate-related science in statutorily driven species management, such as under the U.S. Endangered Species Act (ESA), is in its early stages. This article provides an overview of ESA processes, with emphasis on themandate to the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) tomanage listedmarine, estuarine, and anadromous species. Although the ESA is specific to the United States, its requirements are broadly relevant to conservation planning. Under the ESA, species, subspecies, and "distinct population segments" may be listed as either endangered or threatened, and taking of most listed species (harassing, harming, pursuing,wounding, killing, or capturing) is prohibited unless specifically authorized via a case-by-case permit process. Government agencies, in addition to avoiding take, must ensure that actions they fund, authorize, or conduct are not likely to jeopardize a listed species' continued existence or adversely affect designated critical habitat. Decisions for which climate change is likely to be a key factor include: determining whether a species should be listed under the ESA, designating critical habitat areas, developing species recovery plans, and predicting whether effects of proposed human activities will be compatible with ESA-listed species' survival and recovery. Scientific analyses that underlie these critical conservation decisions include risk assessment, longterm recovery planning, defining environmental baselines, predicting distribution, and defining appropriate temporal and spatial scales. Although specific guidance is still evolving, it is clear that the unprecedented changes in global ecosystems brought about by climate change necessitate new information and approaches to conservation of imperiled species.
机译：预计气候变化将成为21世纪全球生物多样性丧失的主要驱动力。这给养护和管理濒危物种特别是海洋和河口生态系统中的物种带来了新的挑战。在诸如美国《濒危物种法》（ESA）等法定驱动的物种管理中使用气候相关科学尚处于早期阶段。本文提供了ESA流程的概述，重点是国家海洋渔业局（NMFS）对所列海洋，河口和无水生物进行管理的授权。尽管ESA特定于美国，但其要求与保护规划广泛相关。根据欧空局的规定，物种，亚种和“不同种群群”可能被列为濒危物种或受威胁物种，除非经特别许可，否则禁止摄入大多数所列物种（骚扰，伤害，追求，伤害，杀害或捕获）。逐案许可程序。政府机构除了避免采取行动外，还必须确保其资助，授权或采取的行动不大可能危害所列物种的持续生存或对指定的关键栖息地产生不利影响。气候变化可能是关键因素的决策包括：确定是否应将一种物​​种列入ESA，指定关键的栖息地区域，制定物种恢复计划，并预测拟议的人类活动的影响是否与ESA列出的兼容物种的生存和恢复。这些关键保护决策所依据的科学分析包括风险评估，长期恢复计划，定义环境基线，预测分布以及定义适当的时空尺度。尽管具体的指导仍在不断发展，但是很明显，气候变化带来的全球生态系统的空前变化需要新的信息和方法来保护濒危物种。

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