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Effects of payments for ecosystem services on wildlife habitat recovery

机译：生态系统服务付款对野生动植物栖息地恢复的影响

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Conflicts between local people's livelihoods and conservation have led to many unsuccessful conservation efforts and have stimulated debates on policies that might simultaneously promote sustainable management of protected areas and improve the living conditions of local people. Many government-sponsored payments-for-ecosystem-services (PES) schemes have been implemented around the world. However, few empirical assessments of their effectiveness have been conducted, and even fewer assessments have directly measured their effects on ecosystem services. We conducted an empirical and spatially explicit assessment of the conservation effectiveness of one of the world's largest PES programs through the use of a long-term empirical data set, a satellite-based habitat model, and spatial autoregressive analyses on direct measures of change in an ecosystem service (i.e., the provision of wildlife species habitat). Giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) habitat improved in Wolong Nature Reserve of China after the implementation of the Natural Forest Conservation Program. The improvement was more pronounced in areas monitored by local residents than those monitored by the local government, but only when a higher payment was provided. Our results suggest that the effectiveness of a PES program depends on who receives the payment and on whether the payment provides sufficient incentives. As engagement of local residents has not been incorporated in many conservation strategies elsewhere in China or around the world, our results also suggest that using an incentive-based strategy as a complement to command-and-control, community- and norm-based strategies may help achieve greater conservation effectiveness and provide a potential solution for the park versus people conflict.
机译：当地人民的生计与保护之间的冲突导致许多保护工作失败，并引发了关于政策的辩论，这些政策可能同时促进对保护区的可持续管理并改善当地人民的生活条件。在世界范围内已经实施了许多政府资助的生态系统付费服务（PES）计划。但是，鲜有关于其有效性的实证评估，甚至更少的评估直接衡量了它们对生态系统服务的影响。我们通过使用长期经验数据集，基于卫星的栖息地模型以及对自然环境中直接变化的空间自回归分析，对世界上最大的PES计划之一的保护有效性进行了实证和空间明确评估。生态系统服务（即提供野生动植物物种栖息地）。实施天然林保护计划后，中国卧龙自然保护区的大熊猫栖息地得到改善。在当地居民监控的地区，这种改善比当地政府监控的地区更为明显，但前提是要提供更高的付款。我们的结果表明，PES计划的有效性取决于谁收到付款以及付款是否提供足够的激励措施。由于中国和世界其他地方的许多保护策略都没有纳入当地居民的参与，因此我们的结果还表明，使用基于激励的策略作为对命令和控制，基于社区和基于规范的策略的补充可能帮助提高保护效率，并为公园与人的冲突提供潜在的解决方案。

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