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Evaluation of fungicides and antagonistic organism against major pathogens of leaf rot disease of coconut and their eco-friendly management

机译：椰子叶腐病主要病原菌杀菌剂和拮抗生物的评价及其生态友好管理

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Leaf rot is an integral part of coconut root (wilt) disease complex. In the management of root (wilt), leaf rot control is of vital importance. Leaf rot phase is due to a complex of fungal pathogens - Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Exserohilum rostratum, Fusarium solani etc. Investigations on effect of fungicides confirmed strong inhibition of all major pathogens in vitro by Contaf (Hexaconazole), Indofil M- 45 ((Mancozeb), Tilt (Propiconazole) and Bavistin (Carbendazim). Antracol (Propineb), Tag cop 50 (Copper oxychloride) and Calixin (Tridemorph) inhibited F. solani to a lesser extent than others. Bacillus subtilis was found relatively tolerant to fungicides (Contaf, Indofil M- 45) as compared to Pseudomonas fluorescens. B. subtilis was able to tolerate lower concentrations of Tilt or Bavistin in the medium while P. fluorescens did not. B. subtilis, P. fluorescens and Trichoderma harzianum were tolerant to Antracol in lower concentrations. As such, integrated use of bio agents with fungicides (at minimal concentrations) can be employed in disease management. Amelioration of leaf rot affected palms in the field was consistently effected by a talc-based preparation of P. fluorescens. Antagonistic potential of B. subtilis and P. fluorescens against the pathogens alone and in combination eliciting synergism in inhibition of pathogens have also been established. T. harzianum was found to inhibit C. gloeosporioides and E. rostratum. However, a reverse effect of F. solani on the fungal antagonist wasseen. Combined use of fungicide (Contaf as a test case) and bacterial antagonists) when tested in vitro against the pathogens, synergism in antagonism against C. gloeosporioides and E. rostratum was evident. Prevalence of antagonistic bacteria (Bacillussp.) and fungi (Aspergillus sp.) in the phylloplane of coconut was also brought out. Knowledge thus gained on various aspects are important in identifying effective/superior isolates of antagonists, formulation of effective microbial consortia and appropriate integration of bio agents and fungicides in the integrated management of the disease complex.
机译：腐烂是椰子根（枯萎病）综合症的组成部分。在根（野生）的管理中，控制叶腐病至关重要。叶片腐烂是由于真菌病原体的复合物引起的-炭疽菌（Colletotrichum gloeosporioides），Exserohilum rostratum，镰刀镰刀菌（Fusarium solani）等。对杀真菌剂作用的研究证实，Contaf（Hexaconazole），Indofil M- 45（（Mancozeb） ，Tilt（Propiconazole）和Bavistin（Carbendazim），Antracol（Propineb），Tag cop 50（氯氧化铜）和Calixin（Tridemorph）对F. solani的抑制作用要弱于其他菌株。枯草芽孢杆菌对杀菌剂（Contaf，与荧光假单胞菌相比，Indofil M- 45.枯草芽孢杆菌能够忍受培养基中较低的Tilt或Bavistin浓度，而荧光假单胞菌则不能忍受;枯草芽孢杆菌，荧光假单胞菌和哈茨木霉对较低浓度的Antracol耐受因此，可以将生物制剂与杀菌剂（最低浓度）结合使用，以进行疾病控制。仅受基于滑石粉的荧光假单胞菌制剂的影响。还已经确定了枯草芽孢杆菌和荧光假单胞菌单独对抗病原体并且在抑制病原体方面引发协同作用的拮抗潜力。发现哈茨木霉可抑制球孢梭菌和地衣大肠杆菌。然而，观察到茄形镰刀菌对真菌拮抗剂的反向作用。当在体外针对病原体进行测试时，结合使用杀菌剂（Contaf作为测试用例）和细菌拮抗剂，可以明显地证明对球孢梭菌和基质球菌具有拮抗作用。还发现了椰子的叶平面中拮抗细菌（芽孢杆菌）和真菌（曲霉菌）的流行。因此在各个方面获得的知识对于鉴定有效/优越的拮抗剂分离物，有效的微生物聚生体的配方以及在疾病综合体的综合管理中适当整合生物剂和杀真菌剂都是重要的。

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