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首页> 外文期刊>Conservation Biology >Environmental Refuge from Disease-Driven Amphibian Extinction
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Environmental Refuge from Disease-Driven Amphibian Extinction

机译：疾病驱动的两栖动物灭绝的环境庇护所

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Species that are tolerant of broad environmental gradients may be less vulnerable to epizootic outbreaks of disease. Chytridriomycosis, caused by the fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, has been linked to extirpations and extinctions of amphibian species in many regions. The pathogen thrives in cool, moist environments, and high amphibian mortality rates have commonly occurred during chytridiomycosis outbreaks in amphibian populations in high-elevation tropical rainforests. In Australia several high-elevation species, including the armored mist frog (Litoria lorica), which is designated as critically endangered by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN), were believed to have gone extinct during chytridiomycosis outbreaks in the 1980s and early 1990s. Species with greater elevational ranges disappeared from higher elevations, but remained common in the lowlands. In June 2008, we surveyed a stream in a high-elevation dry sclerophyll forest and discovered a previously unknown population of L. lorica and a population of the waterfall frog (Litoria nannotis). We conducted 6 additional surveys in June 2008, September 2008, March 2009, and August 2009. Prevalences of B. dendrobatidis infection (number infected per total sampled) were consistently high in frogs (mean 82.5%, minimum 69%) of both species and in tadpoles (100%) during both winter (starting July) and summer (starting February). However, no individuals of either species showed clinical signs of disease, and they remained abundant (3.25 - 8.75 individuals of L. lorica and 6.5-12.5 individuals of L. nannotis found/person/100 m over 13 months). The high-elevation dry sclerophyll site had little canopy cover, low annual precipitation, and a more defined dry season than a nearby rainforest site, where L. nannotis was more negatively affected by chytridiomycosis. We hypothesize this lack of canopy cover allowed the rocks on which frogs perched to warm up, thereby slowing growth and reproduction of the pathogen on the hosts. In addition, we suggest surveys for apparently extinct or rare species should not be limited to core environments.
机译：宽容环境梯度的物种可能较不容易受到疾病的流行病爆发。由真菌Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis引起的霉菌病与许多地区的两栖动物物种的灭绝和灭绝有关。在高海拔的热带雨林中，两栖动物发生壶菌病时，病原体通常在凉爽，潮湿的环境中生长，两栖动物死亡率很高。在澳大利亚，一些高海拔物种，包括被国际自然保护联盟（IUCN）指定为极度濒危的装甲薄雾蛙（Litoria lorica），据信在1980年代和2007年的壶菌病爆发期间已经灭绝。 1990年代初期。高海拔地区的物种从高海拔地区消失，但在低地仍很常见。在2008年6月，我们在高海拔的干燥硬叶林中调查了一条溪流，发现了以前未知的萝莉湖（L. lorica）种群和瀑布蛙（Litoria nannotis）种群。我们分别在2008年6月，2008年9月，2009年3月和2009年8月进行了6次调查。两种物种的青蛙中B. dendrobatidis感染的发生率（占总采样数的感染率）始终很高（平均82.5％，最低69％）。在冬季（7月开始）和夏季（2月开始）都以t（100％）为食。但是，这两种物种均未显示出疾病的临床症状，并且仍很丰富（在13个月内发现了每人/ 100 m的L. lorica的3.25-8.75个人和nannotis的6.5-12.5个人）。与附近的雨林站点相比，高海拔的干燥硬叶肉站点的树冠覆盖很少，年降水量低，并且干燥季节更加明确，那里的纳诺特氏菌受到乳糜菌病的负面影响更大。我们推测，由于缺乏冠层覆盖，青蛙栖息的岩石会变热，从而减慢了病原体在宿主上的生长和繁殖。此外，我们建议对明显灭绝或稀有物种的调查不应仅限于核心环境。

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