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Estimation of Body-Size Traits by Photogrammetry in Large Mammals to Inform Conservation

机译：摄影测量法对大型哺乳动物的体形特征估计，以告知保护。

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Photography, including remote imagery and camera traps, has contributed substantially to conservation. However, the potential to use photography to understand demography and inform policy is limited. To have practical value, remote assessments must be reasonably accurate and widely deployable. Prior efforts to develop noninvasive methods of estimating trait size have been motivated by a desire to answer evolutionary questions, measure physiological growth, or, in the case of illegal trade, assess economics of horn sizes; but rarely have such methods been directed at conservation. Here I demonstrate a simple, noninvasive photographic technique and address how knowledge of values of individual-specific metrics bears on conservation policy. I used 10 years of data on juvenile moose (Alces alces) to examine whether body size and probability of survival are positively correlated in cold climates. I investigated whether the presence of mothers improved juvenile survival. The posited latter relation is relevant to policy because harvest of adult females has been permitted in some Canadian and American jurisdictions under the assumption that probability of survival of young is independent of maternal presence. The accuracy of estimates of head sizes made from photographs exceeded 98%. The estimates revealed that overwinter juvenile survival had no relation to the juvenile's estimated mass (p < 0.64) and was more strongly associated with maternal presence (p < 0.02) than winter snow depth (p < 0.18). These findings highlight the effects on survival of a social dynamic (the mother-young association) rather than body size and suggest a change in harvest policy will increase survival. Furthermore, photographic imaging of growth of individual juvenile muskoxen (Ovibos moschatus) over 3 Arctic winters revealed annual variability in size, which supports the idea that noninvasive monitoring may allow one to detect how some environmental conditions ultimately affect body growth.
机译：摄影，包括远程图像和相机陷阱，对保护工作做出了重大贡献。但是，使用摄影来了解人口统计学和告知政策的潜力是有限的。为了具有实用价值，远程评估必须相当准确并且可以广泛部署。为了解决进化问题，测量生理增长，或者在非法贸易的情况下，评估牛角大小的经济性，已经促使人们开发出非侵入性的估计性状大小的方法。但是这种方法很少针对保护。在这里，我演示了一种简单的非侵入性摄影技术，并探讨了个体特定指标的值的知识如何影响保护政策。我使用了10年的幼驼鹿（Alces alces）数据，研究了在寒冷气候下体重和存活率是否呈正相关。我调查了母亲的存在是否可以提高青少年的生存率。假定的后一种关系与政策有关，因为在某些加拿大和美国司法管辖区已允许成年雌性的收获，但前提是年轻成活的可能性与母体的存在无关。用照片估计头部大小的准确性超过98％。估计数表明，越冬幼虫的存活与幼虫的估计体重无关（p <0.64），并且与母亲的存在（p <0.02）比冬季的雪深（p <0.18）更密切相关。这些发现强调了社会动态（母亲与年轻人的关系）对生存的影响，而不是体型的影响，并暗示收获政策的改变将增加生存。此外，在3个北极冬季，单个青少年麝香（Ovibos moschatus）的生长的摄影影像揭示了大小的年度变化，这支持了无创监测可能使人们能够检测到某些环境条件最终影响人体生长的想法。

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