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Analytical Solutions to Trade-Offs between Size of Protected Areas and Land-Use Intensity

机译：保护区面积与土地利用强度之间权衡的解析解决方案

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Land-use change is affecting Earth's capacity to support both wild species and a growing human population. The question is how best to manage landscapes for both species conservation and economic output. If large areas are protected to conserve species richness, then the unprotected areas must be used more intensively. Likewise, low-intensity use leaves less area protected but may allow wild species to persist in areas that are used for market purposes. This dilemma is present in policy debates on agriculture, housing, and forestry. Our goal was to develop a theoretical model to evaluate which land-use strategy maximizes economic output while maintaining species richness. Our theoretical model extends previous analytical models by allowing land-use intensity on unprotected land to influence species richness in protected areas. We devised general models in which species richness (with modified species-area curves) and economic output (a Cobb-Douglas production function) are a function of land-use intensity and the proportion of land protected. Economic output increased as land-use intensity and extent increased, and species richness responded to increased intensity either negatively or following the intermediate disturbance hypothesis. We solved the model analytically to identify the combination of land-use intensity and protected area that provided the maximum amount of economic output, given a target level of species richness. The land-use strategy that maximized economic output while maintaining species richness depended jointly on the response of species richness to land-use intensity and protection and the effect of land use outside protected areas on species richness within protected areas. Regardless of the land-use strategy, species richness tended to respond to changing land-use intensity and extent in a highly nonlinear fashion.
机译：土地用途的变化正在影响地球支持野生物种和不断增长的人口的能力。问题是如何最好地管理景观，以保护物种和实现经济产出。如果保护大片区域以保护物种丰富，那么必须更加密集地使用未保护区域。同样，低强度使用对保护区的保护较少，但可能允许野生物种在用于市场目的的区域内生存。在有关农业，住房和林业的政策辩论中存在这种困境。我们的目标是建立一个理论模型，以评估哪种土地利用策略在维持物种丰富度的同时最大化经济产出。我们的理论模型通过允许未保护土地上的土地利用强度影响保护区物种丰富度，扩展了先前的分析模型。我们设计了通用模型，其中物种丰富度（具有修改的物种面积曲线）和经济产出（科布-道格拉斯生产函数）是土地利用强度和受保护土地比例的函数。经济产出随着土地利用强度和程度的增加而增加，物种丰富度对强度的增加呈负响应或遵循中间干扰假设。我们通过分析解决了该模型，以确定了给定物种丰富度目标水平的土地利用强度和保护区的组合，该组合可提供最大的经济产出。在保持物种丰富度的同时最大化经济产出的土地利用战略共同取决于物种丰富度对土地利用强度和保护的反应以及保护区以外土地利用对保护区内物种丰富度的影响。无论采用哪种土地利用策略，物种丰富度都倾向于以高度非线性的方式对不断变化的土地利用强度和范围做出反应。

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