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Benefits of Investing in Ecosystem Restoration

机译：投资于生态系统恢复的好处

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Measures aimed at conservation or restoration of ecosystems are often seen as net-cost projects by governments and businesses because they are based on incomplete and often faulty cost-benefit analyses. After screening over 200 studies, we examined the costs (94 studies) and benefits (225 studies) of ecosystem restoration projects that had sufficient reliable data in 9 different biomes ranging from coral reefs to tropical forests. Costs included capital investment and maintenance of the restoration project, and benefits were based on the monetary value of the total bundle of ecosystem services provided by the restored ecosystem. Assuming restoration is always imperfect and benefits attain only 75% of the maximum value of the reference systems over 20 years, we calculated the net present value at the social discount rates of 2% and 8%. We also conducted 2 threshold cum sensitivity analyses. Benefit-cost ratios ranged from about 0.05:1 (coral reefs and coastal systems, worst-case scenario) to as much as 35:1 (grasslands, best-case scenario). Our results provide only partial estimates of benefits at one point in time and reflect the lower limit of the welfare benefits of ecosystem restoration because both scarcity of and demand for ecosystem services is increasing and new benefits of natural ecosystems and biological diversity are being discovered. Nonetheless, when accounting for even the incomplete range of known benefits through the use of static estimates that fail to capture rising values, the majority of the restoration projects we analyzed provided net benefits and should be considered not only as profitable but also as high-yielding investments.
机译：政府和企业通常将旨在保护或恢复生态系统的措施视为净成本项目，因为这些措施基于不完整且往往是错误的成本效益分析。在筛选了200多个研究之后，我们检查了生态系统恢复项目的成本（94个研究）和收益（225个研究），这些项目在从珊瑚礁到热带森林的9个不同生物群落中都有足够可靠的数据。成本包括资本投资和恢复项目的维护，收益基于恢复的生态系统提供的全部生态系统服务捆绑的货币价值。假设恢复始终是不完美的，并且收益在20年中仅达到参考系统最大值的75％，我们以2％和8％的社会折现率计算出净现值。我们还进行了2个阈值暨灵敏度分析。效益成本比范围从大约0.05：1（珊瑚礁和沿海系统，最坏的情况）到高达35：1（草地，最好的情况）。我们的结果仅提供了某个时间点的部分收益估算，并且反映了生态系统恢复的福利收益的下限，因为对生态系统服务的稀缺性和需求都在增加，并且自然生态系统和生物多样性的新收益正在被发现。但是，当通过使用无法获取上升价值的静态估算来解决已知收益的不完整范围时，我们分析的大多数恢复项目都提供了净收益，不仅应视为获利，而且应视为高收益投资。

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