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Quantifying the relative irreplaceability of important bird and biodiversity areas

机译：量化重要鸟类和生物多样性地区的相对不可替代性

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World governments have committed to increase the global protected areas coverage by 2020, but the effectiveness of this commitment for protecting biodiversity depends on where new protected areas are located. Threshold- and complementarity-based approaches have been independently used to identify important sites for biodiversity. We brought together these approaches by performing a complementarity-based analysis of irreplaceability in important bird and biodiversity areas (IBAs), which are sites identified using a threshold-based approach. We determined whether irreplaceability values are higher inside than outside IBAs and whether any observed difference depends on known characteristics of the IBAs. We focused on 3 regions with comprehensive IBA inventories and bird distribution atlases: Australia, southern Africa, and Europe. Irreplaceability values were significantly higher inside than outside IBAs, although differences were much smaller in Europe than elsewhere. Higher irreplaceability values in IBAs were associated with the presence and number of restricted-range species; number of criteria under which the site was identified; and mean geographic range size of the species for which the site was identified (trigger species). In addition, IBAs were characterized by higher irreplaceability values when using proportional species representation targets, rather than fixed targets. There were broadly comparable results when measuring irreplaceability for trigger species and when considering all bird species, which indicates a good surrogacy effect of the former. Recently, the International Union for Conservation of Nature has convened a consultation to consolidate global standards for the identification of key biodiversity areas (KBAs), building from existing approaches such as IBAs. Our results informed this consultation, and in particular a proposed irreplaceability criterion that will allow the new KBA standard to draw on the strengths of both threshold- and complementarity-based approaches.
机译：世界各国政府已承诺到2020年增加全球保护区的覆盖范围，但是这项保护生物多样性的承诺的有效性取决于新保护区的位置。基于阈值和互补性的方法已独立用于识别生物多样性的重要场所。我们通过对重要鸟类和生物多样性地区（IBA）的不可替代性进行基于互补性的分析，将这些方法结合在一起，这些重要领域是使用基于阈值的方法确定的。我们确定了内部IBA的不可替代性值是否高于外部IBA，以及观察到的差异是否取决于IBA的已知特征。我们将重点放在3个具有完整IBA清单和鸟类分布图集的地区：澳大利亚，南部非洲和欧洲。尽管欧洲的差异性远小于其他地方，但内部IBA的不可替代性值明显高于外部IBA。 IBA中较高的不可替代性值与限制范围物种的存在和数量有关。确定站点的标准数量;以及识别出该地点的物种（触发物种）的平均地理范围大小。另外，使用比例物种表示目标而不是固定目标时，IBA的特征是具有更高的不可替代性值。当测量触发物种的不可替代性以及考虑所有鸟类时，可得到大致可比的结果，这表明前者具有良好的代孕效果。最近，国际自然保护联盟召集了一次磋商，以在现有方法（例如IBA）的基础上巩固确定关键生物多样性地区（KBA）的全球标准。我们的结果为这次磋商提供了信息，特别是提出了一项不可替代性标准，该标准将使新的KBA标准能够利用基于阈值和互补性方法的优势。

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