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Synergies and trade-offs in achieving global biodiversity targets

机译：实现全球生物多样性目标的协同增效与取舍

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After their failure to achieve a significant reduction in the global rate of biodiversity loss by 2010, world governments adopted 20 new ambitious Aichi biodiversity targets to be met by 2020. Efforts to achieve one particular target can contribute to achieving others, but different targets may sometimes require conflicting solutions. Consequently, lack of strategic thinking might result, once again, in a failure to achieve global commitments to biodiversity conservation. We illustrate this dilemma by focusing on Aichi Target 11. This target requires an expansion of terrestrial protected area coverage, which could also contribute to reducing the loss of natural habitats (Target 5), reducing human-induced species decline and extinction (Target 12), and maintaining global carbon stocks (Target 15). We considered the potential impact of expanding protected areas to mitigate global deforestation and the consequences for the distribution of suitable habitat for >10,000 species of forest vertebrates (amphibians, birds, and mammals). We first identified places where deforestation might have the highest impact on remaining forests and then identified places where deforestation might have the highest impact on forest vertebrates (considering aggregate suitable habitat for species). Expanding protected areas toward locations with the highest deforestation rates (Target 5) or the highest potential loss of aggregate species' suitable habitat (Target 12) resulted in partially different protected area network configurations (overlapping with each other by about 73%). Moreover, the latter approach contributed to safeguarding about 30% more global carbon stocks than the former. Further investigation of synergies and trade-offs between targets would shed light on these and other complex interactions, such as the interaction between reducing overexploitation of natural resources (Targets 6, 7), controlling invasive alien species (Target 9), and preventing extinctions of native species (Target 12). Synergies between targets must be identified and secured soon and trade-offs must be minimized before the options for co-benefits are reduced by human pressures.
机译：世界各国政府未能在2010年之前实现全球生物多样性丧失速度的显着降低后，采纳了20个雄心勃勃的新爱知生物多样性目标，并计划在2020年之前实现。为实现一个特定目标而做出的努力可能有助于实现其他目标，但有时可能会出现不同的目标需要有冲突的解决方案。因此，缺乏战略思考可能再次导致未能实现对生物多样性保护的全球承诺。我们将重点放在爱知指标11上来说明这一难题。该指标要求扩大陆地保护区的覆盖范围，这也可能有助于减少自然栖息地的丧失（指标5），减少人为导致的物种减少和灭绝（指标12）。 ，并维持全球碳存量（指标15）。我们考虑了扩大保护区以减轻全球森林砍伐的潜在影响，以及对超过10,000种森林脊椎动物（两栖动物，鸟类和哺乳动物）的适当栖息地分布的影响。我们首先确定了砍伐森林对剩余森林的影响最大的地方，然后确定了砍伐森林对森林脊椎动物的影响最大的地方（考虑适合物种的总体栖息地）。将保护区扩展到森林砍伐率最高（目标5）或总体物种合适的栖息地潜在最高损失（目标12）的地区，导致保护区网络结构部分不同（彼此重叠约73％）。此外，后一种方法有助于保护全球碳储量比前者多约30％。进一步研究目标之间的协同增效和权衡关系，将有助于发现这些复杂的相互作用以及其他复杂的相互作用，例如减少自然资源过度开发（目标6、7），控制外来入侵物种（目标9）与防止物种灭绝之间的相互作用。本地物种（目标12）。必须尽快确定并确保目标之间的协同作用，并且必须在人为压力降低共同收益的选择之前，最小化取舍。

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