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The role of life histories and trophic interactions in population recovery

机译：生活史和营养相互作用在人口恢复中的作用

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Factors affecting population recovery from depletion are at the focus of wildlife management. Particularly, it has been debated how life-history characteristics might affect population recovery ability and productivity. Many exploited fish stocks have shown temporal changes towards earlier maturation and reduced adult body size, potentially owing to evolutionary responses to fishing. Whereas such life-history changes have been widely documented, their potential role on stock's ability to recover from exploitation often remains ignored by traditional fisheries management. We used a marine ecosystem model parameterized for Southeastern Australian ecosystem to explore how changes towards faster life histories might affect population per capita growth rate r. We show that for most species changes towards earlier maturation during fishing have a negative effect (3-40% decrease) on r during the recovery phase. Faster juvenile growth and earlier maturation were beneficial early in life, but smaller adult body sizes reduced the lifetime reproductive output and increased adult natural mortality. However, both at intra- and inter-specific level natural mortality and trophic position of the species were as important in determining r as species longevity and age of maturation, suggesting that r cannot be predicted from life-history traits alone. Our study highlights that factors affecting population recovery ability and productivity should be explored in a multi-species context, where both age-specific fecundity and survival schedules are addressed simultaneously. It also suggests that contemporary life-history changes in harvested species are unlikely to increase their resilience and recovery ability.
机译：野生动物管理的重点是影响人口从枯竭中恢复的因素。特别是，人们一直在辩论生活史特征如何影响人口恢复能力和生产力。许多被捕捞的鱼类种群已经显示出随着时间的推移朝着较早成熟的方向变化，并降低了成虫的体型，这可能是由于对捕鱼的进化反应。尽管已经广泛记录了这种生命历史的变化，但是它们对种群从开发中恢复的能力的潜在作用经常被传统的渔业管理所忽视。我们使用了针对澳大利亚东南部生态系统参数化的海洋生态系统模型，以探索朝着更快的生活史的变化可能如何影响人口人均增长率r。我们显示，对于大多数物种，在捕捞期间朝着较早成熟的方向变化会对恢复阶段的r产生负面影响（减少3-40％）。较早的幼年生长和较早的成熟对生命的早期是有益的，但是较小的成年体形会降低终生生殖产量并增加成年自然死亡率。但是，在种内和种间水平上，物种的自然死亡率和营养位置对确定r的重要性与物种的寿命和成熟年龄一样重要，这表明不能仅根据生命历史特征来预测r。我们的研究强调指出，应该在多物种的背景下探索影响种群恢复能力和生产力的因素，同时针对特定年龄的繁殖力和生存计划。这也表明，当代生活史变化对采伐物种的改变不太可能提高其复原力和恢复能力。

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