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An assessment of adherence to basic ecological principles by payments for ecosystem service projects

机译：通过支付生态系统服务项目的费用评估对基本生态原则的遵守情况

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Programs and projects employing payments for ecosystem service (PES) interventions achieve their objectives by linking buyers and sellers of ecosystem services. Although PES projects are popular conservation and development interventions, little is known about their adherence to basic ecological principles. We conducted a quantitative assessment of the degree to which a global set of PES projects adhered to four ecological principles that are basic scientific considerations for any project focused on ecosystem management: collection of baseline data, identification of threats to an ecosystem service, monitoring, and attention to ecosystem dynamics or the formation of an adaptive management plan. We evaluated 118 PES projects in three marketsbiodiversity, carbon, and watercompiled using websites of major conservation organizations; ecology, economic, and climate-change databases; and three scholarly databases (ISI Web of Knowledge, Web of Science, and Google Scholar). To assess adherence to ecological principles, we constructed two scientific indices (one additive [ASI] and one multiplicative [MSI]) based on our four ecological criteria and analyzed index scores by relevant project characteristics (e.g., sector, buyer, seller). Carbon-sector projects had higher ASI values (P < 0.05) than water-sector projects and marginally higher ASI scores (P < 0.1) than biodiversity-sector projects, demonstrating their greater adherence to ecological principles. Projects financed by public-private partnerships had significantly higher ASI values than projects financed by governments (P < 0.05) and marginally higher ASI values than those funded by private entities (P < 0.1). We did not detect differences in adherence to ecological principles based on the inclusion of cobenefits, the spatial extent of a project, or the size of a project's budget. These findings suggest, at this critical phase in the rapid growth of PES projects, that fundamental ecological principles should be considered more carefully in PES project design and implementation in an effort to ensure PES project viability and sustainability.
机译：采用生态系统服务付费（PES）干预措施的计划和项目通过将生态系统服务的买卖双方联系起来来实现其目标。尽管PES项目是流行的保护和发展干预措施，但对其遵守基本生态学原理知之甚少。我们对全球一系列PES项目遵守四个生态原则的程度进行了定量评估，这四个生态原则是任何侧重于生态系统管理的项目的基本科学考量：基准数据的收集，对生态系统服务的威胁的识别，监测和评估。注意生态系统动态或形成适应性管理计划。我们使用主要保护组织的网站评估了三个市场中的118个PES项目的生物多样性，碳和水综合利用。生态，经济和气候变化数据库;和三个学术数据库（ISI Web of Knowledge，Web of Science和Google Scholar）。为了评估对生态原则的遵守情况，我们根据我们的四个生态标准构建了两个科学指标（一个添加剂[ASI]和一个乘法[MSI]），并根据相关项目特征（例如行业，买方，卖方）分析了指数得分。碳行业项目比水行业项目具有更高的ASI值（P <0.05），并且比生物多样性行业项目具有更高的ASI分数（P <0.1），这表明它们更加遵守生态原则。由公私合作伙伴关系资助的项目的ASI值明显高于由政府资助的项目（P <0.05），而与由私人实体资助的项目相比，ASI值略高（P <0.1）。我们没有根据共生效益，项目的空间范围或项目预算的大小发现遵守生态原则的差异。这些发现表明，在PES项目快速发展的关键阶段，PES项目设计和实施中应更加仔细地考虑基本生态原则，以确保PES项目的可行性和可持续性。

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