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Effects of white-nose syndrome on regional population patterns of 3 hibernating bat species

机译：白鼻综合征对三种冬眠蝙蝠物种区域种群格局的影响

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Hibernating bats have undergone severe recent declines across the eastern United States, but the cause of these regional-scale declines has not been systematically evaluated. We assessed the influence of white-nose syndrome (an emerging bat disease caused by the fungus Pseudogymnoascus destructans, formerly Geomyces destructans) on large-scale, long-term population patterns in the little brown myotis (Myotis lucifugus), the northern myotis (Myotis septentrionalis), and the tricolored bat (Perimyotis subflavus). We modeled population trajectories for each species on the basis of an extensive data set of winter hibernacula counts of more than 1 million individual bats from a 4-state region over 13 years and with data on locations of hibernacula and first detections of white-nose syndrome at each hibernaculum. We used generalized additive mixed models to determine population change relative to expectations, that is, how population trajectories differed with a colony's infection status, how trajectories differed with distance from the point of introduction of white-nose syndrome, and whether declines were concordant with first local observation of the disease. Population trajectories in all species met at least one of the 3 expectations, but none met all 3. Our results suggest, therefore, that white-nose syndrome has affected regional populations differently than was previously understood and has not been the sole cause of declines. Specifically, our results suggest that in some areas and species, threats other than white-nose syndrome are also contributing to population declines, declines linked to white-nose syndrome have spread across large geographic areas with unexpected speed, and the disease or other threats led to declines in bat populations for years prior to disease detection. Effective conservation will require further research to mitigate impacts of white-nose syndrome, renewed attention to other threats to bats, and improved surveillance efforts to ensure early detection of white-nose syndrome.
机译：近期，整个美国东部，冬眠蝙蝠经历了严重的衰退，但是尚未系统评估这些区域规模衰退的原因。我们评估了白鼻综合症（由真菌假单胞菌造成的新兴蝙蝠疾病）对小褐Myotis（Myotis lucifugus），北部Myotis（Myotis）的大规模长期种群格局的影响。 septentrionalis）和三色蝙蝠（Perimyotis subflavus）。我们基于广泛的冬虫病计数数据集，对每个物种的种群轨迹进行建模，这些数据来自13个州的4个州超过13年来的超过100万只蝙蝠，并具有冬虫害位置和首次发现白鼻综合症的数据在每个冬眠。我们使用广义加性混合模型来确定相对于预期的种群变化，即种群轨迹与殖民地感染状态之间的差异，轨迹与白鼻子综合征引入点之间的距离之间的差异以及下降趋势是否与最初的一致该病的局部观察。所有物种的种群轨迹都至少满足了3个期望值之一，但没有一个满足所有3个条件。因此，我们的结果表明，白鼻综合征对区域人口的影响与以前所理解的不同，并且不是造成下降的唯一原因。具体而言，我们的研究结果表明，在某些地区和物种中，除白鼻综合症以外的其他威胁也导致了种群减少，与白鼻综合症有关的下降已以出乎意料的速度扩散到了广大的地理区域，疾病或其他威胁导致了在疾病检测之前，蝙蝠种群数量下降了很多年。有效的保护将需要进一步的研究以减轻白鼻综合症的影响，重新关注蝙蝠的其他威胁，并加强监测工作以确保及早发现白鼻综合症。

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