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Effects of urbanization and habitat fragmentation on bobcats and coyotes in southern California

机译：城市化和栖息地破碎化对南加州山猫和土狼的影响

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Urbanization and habitat fragmentation are major threats to wildlife populations, especially mammalian carnivores. We studied the ecology and behavior of bobcats (Lynx rufus) and coyotes (Canis latrans) relative to development in a fragmented landscape in southern California from 1996 to 2000. We captured and radiocollared 50 bobcats and 86 coyotes, determined home ranges for 35 bobcats and 40 coyotes, and measured their exposure to development ("urban association") as the percentage of each home range composed of developed or modified areas. Both species occupied predominantly natural home ranges. Adult female bobcats had low levels of urban association, significantly lower than coyotes, adult male bobcats, and young female bobcats. Home-range size was positively correlated with urban association for coyotes and adult male and young female bobcats, suggesting that human-dominated areas were less suitable than natural areas in some important way. Animals more associated with non-natural areas had higher levels of night activity, and both bobcats and coyotes were more likely to be in developed areas at night than during the day. Survival rates were relatively high and were not related to urban association, at least for animals >6-9 months of age. Mortality rates from human-related causes such as vehicle collisions and incidental poisoning were also independent of urban association. In this region, even the few animals that had almost no human development within their home range were vulnerable to human-related mortality. Carnivore conservation in urban landscapes must account for these mortality sources that influence the entire landscape, including reserves. For bobcats, preserving open space of sufficient quantity and quality for adult females is necessary for population viability. Educating local residents about carnivores is also critical for conserving populations in urban areas. [References: 49]
机译：城市化和栖息地破碎化是对野生生物种群特别是哺乳动物食肉动物的主要威胁。我们研究了山猫（Lynx rufus）和土狼（Canis latrans）相对于1996年至2000年在加利福尼亚州南部零散景观中的发育的生态和行为。我们捕获并放射领了50只山猫和86只土狼，确定了35只山猫和40只土狼，并衡量其对发展的接触（“城市协会”），以每个已开发或改良区域组成的家庭范围的百分比进行测量。这两个物种主要占据自然家园范围。成年雌性山猫的城市交往水平较低，显着低于土狼，成年雄性山猫和年轻雌性山猫。家庭范围的大小与郊狼以及成年雄性和成年雌性山猫的城市协会呈正相关，表明在某些重要方面，人为主导的区域比自然区域更不适合。与非自然区域相关性更高的动物夜间活动水平较高，山猫和土狼在夜间比白天白天更容易出现在发达地区。至少对于> 6-9个月大的动物，成活率相对较高，与城市协会无关。车辆碰撞和偶然中毒等与人相关的原因造成的死亡率也与城市协会无关。在该地区，即使是几只在其家畜范围内几乎没有人类发育的动物也容易遭受与人类有关的死亡。城市景观中的食肉动物保护必须考虑这些影响整个景观（包括保护区）的死亡率来源。对于山猫，为成年女性保留足够数量和质量的开放空间对于成年女性是必要的。对当地居民进行食肉动物教育对于保护城市地区的人口也至关重要。 [参考：49]

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