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Practical management of cumulative anthropogenic impacts with working marine examples

机译：实际管理累积的人为影响，并提供海洋实例

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Human pressure on the environment is expanding and intensifying, especially in coastal and offshore areas. Major contributors to this are the current push for offshore renewable energy sources, which are thought of as environmentally friendly sources of power, as well as the continued demand for petroleum. Human disturbances, including the noise almost ubiquitously associated with human activity, are likely to increase the incidence, magnitude, and duration of adverse effects on marine life, including stress responses. Stress responses have the potential to induce fitness consequences for individuals, which add to more obvious directed takes (e.g., hunting or fishing) to increase the overall population-level impact. To meet the requirements of marine spatial planning and ecosystem-based management, many efforts are ongoing to quantify the cumulative impacts of all human actions on marine species or populations. Meanwhile, regulators face the challenge of managing these accumulating and interacting impacts with limited scientific guidance. We believe there is scientific support for capping the level of impact for (at a minimum) populations in decline or with unknown statuses. This cap on impact can be facilitated through implementation of regular application cycles for project authorization or improved programmatic and aggregated impact assessments that simultaneously consider multiple projects. Cross-company collaborations and a better incorporation of uncertainty into decision making could also help limit, if not reduce, cumulative impacts of multiple human activities. These simple management steps may also form the basis of a rudimentary form of marine spatial planning and could be used in support of future ecosystem-based management efforts.
机译：人类对环境的压力正在扩大和加剧，特别是在沿海和近海地区。造成这种情况的主要因素是当前对海上可再生能源的推动，这被认为是对环境友好的能源，并且对石油的需求持续增长。人为干扰，包括几乎与人类活动普遍相关的噪声，可能会增加对海洋生物（包括应激反应）的不利影响的发生率，强度和持续时间。压力反应有可能诱发个人适应性后果，这增加了更明显的直接应对措施（例如狩猎或钓鱼），从而增加了总体人口影响。为了满足海洋空间规划和基于生态系统的管理的要求，正在进行许多工作以量化所有人类活动对海洋物种或种群的累积影响。同时，监管者面临着在科学指导有限的情况下管理这些累积和相互作用影响的挑战。我们认为，对于限制（至少）数量下降或地位未知的人群的影响水平有科学的支持。通过实施项目授权的常规申请周期或同时考虑多个项目的改进的计划和汇总影响评估，可以促进这种影响上限。跨公司的合作以及将不确定性更好地纳入决策制定也可以帮助限制（如果不能减少）多种人类活动的累积影响。这些简单的管理步骤也可以构成基本形式的海洋空间规划的基础，并可以用于支持未来基于生态系统的管理工作。

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