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Optical imaging with dynamic contrast agents

机译：使用动态造影剂的光学成像

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摘要

Biological imaging applications often employ molecular probes or nanoparticles for enhanced contrast. However, resolution and detection are still often limited by the intrinsic heterogeneity of the sample, which can produce high levels of background that obscure the signals of interest. Herein, we describe approaches to overcome this obstacle based on the concept of dynamic contrast: a strategy for elucidating signals by the suppression or removal of background noise. Dynamic contrast mechanisms can greatly reduce the loading requirement of contrast agents, and may be especially useful for single-probe imaging. Dynamic contrast modalities are also platform-independent, and can enhance the performance of sophisticated biomedical imaging systems or simple optical microscopes alike. Dynamic contrast is performed in two stages: 1) a signal modulation scheme to introduce time-dependent changes in amplitude or phase, and 2) a demodulation step for signal recovery. Optical signals can be coupled with magnetic nanoparticles, photoswitchable probes, or plasmon-resonant nanostructures for modulation by magnetomotive, photonic, or photothermal mechanisms, respectively. With respect to image demodulation, many of the strategies developed for signal processing in electronics and communication technologies can also be applied toward the editing of digital images. The image-processing step can be as simple as differential imaging, or may involve multiple reference points for deconvolution by using cross-correlation algorithms. Periodic signals are particularly amenable to image demodulation strategies based on Fourier transform; the contrast of the demodulated signal increases with acquisition time, and modulation frequencies in the kHz range are possible. Dynamic contrast is an emerging topic with considerable room for development, both with respect to molecular or nanoscale probes for signal modulation, and also to methods for more efficient image processing and editing.
机译：生物成像应用通常使用分子探针或纳米颗粒来增强对比度。但是，分辨率和检测仍然经常受到样品固有的异质性的限制，因为异质性会产生高水平的背景，从而使目标信号模糊。本文中，我们基于动态对比的概念描述了克服这一障碍的方法：一种通过抑制或消除背景噪声来阐明信号的策略。动态造影剂机制可以大大减少造影剂的负载需求，对于单探头成像尤其有用。动态对比度模态也与平台无关，并且可以增强复杂的生物医学成像系统或简单的光学显微镜的性能。动态对比度分两个阶段执行：1）一种信号调制方案，可引入幅度或相位随时间变化的信号; 2）用于信号恢复的解调步骤。可以将光信号与磁性纳米颗粒，光可切换探针或等离子体共振纳米结构耦合，分别通过磁动，光子或光热机制进行调制。关于图像解调，为电子和通信技术中的信号处理而开发的许多策略也可以应用于数字图像的编辑。图像处理步骤可以像差分成像一样简单，也可以包含多个参考点以通过使用互相关算法进行反卷积。周期信号特别适合基于傅立叶变换的图像解调策略;解调信号的对比度随捕获时间的增加而增加，并且可能在kHz范围内调制频率。动态对比度是一个新兴的话题，在用于信号调制的分子或纳米级探针以及更有效的图像处理和编辑方法方面，都有很大的发展空间。

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