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Judicious Ligand Design in Ruthenium Polypyridyl CO2 Reduction Catalysts to Enhance Reactivity by Steric and Electronic Effects

机译:钌多吡啶CO2还原催化剂的明智配体设计,可通过立体效应和电子效应提高反应性

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A series of Ru-II polypyridyl complexes of the structural design [Ru-II(R-tpy)(NN)(CH3CN)](2+) (R-tpy= 2,2': 6', 2''-terpyridine (R= H) or 4,4', 4''-tri-tert-butyl-2,2': 6', 2''-terpyridine (R= tBu); NN= 2,2'-bipyridine with methyl substituents in various positions) have been synthesized and analyzed for their ability to function as electrocatalysts for the reduction of CO2 to CO. Detailed electrochemical analyses establish how substitutions at different ring positions of the bipyridine and terpyridine ligands can have profound electronic and, even more importantly, steric effects that determine the complexes' reactivities. Whereas electron-donating groups para to the heteroatoms exhibit the expected electronic effect, with an increase in turnover frequencies at increased overpotential, the introduction of a methyl group at the ortho position of NN imposes drastic steric effects. Two complexes, [Ru-II(tpy)(6-mbpy)(CH3CN)](2+) (trans-[3](2+); 6-mbpy= 6-methyl- 2,2'-bipyridine) and [Ru-II(tBu-tpy)(6-mbpy)(CH3CN)](2+) (trans-[4](2+)), in which the methyl group of the 6-mbpy ligand is trans to the CH3CN ligand, show electrocatalytic CO2 reduction at a previously unreactive oxidation state of the complex. This low overpotential pathway follows an ECE mechanism (electron transfer-chemical reaction-electron transfer), and is a direct result of steric interactions that facilitate CH3CN ligand dissociation, CO2 coordination, and ultimately catalytic turnover at the first reduction potential of the complexes. All experimental observations are rigorously corroborated by DFT calculations.
机译:结构设计[Ru-II(R-tpy)(NN)(CH3CN)](2+)的一系列Ru-II聚吡啶基配合物(R-tpy = 2,2':6',2''-terpyridine (R = H)或4,4',4''-三叔丁基-2,2':6',2''-吡啶(R = tBu); NN = 2,2'-联吡啶与甲基已合成并分析了其在各种位置上的取代基)的功能,并分析了它们用作将CO2还原为CO的电催化剂的能力。详细的电化学分析确定了联吡啶和三联吡啶配体在不同环位置的取代如何具有强大的电子,甚至更重要的是,决定配合物反应性的空间效应。尽管对位于杂原子的给电子基团表现出预期的电子效应,但在超电势增加时,转换频率增加,而在NN的邻位引入甲基会产生剧烈的空间效应。两个络合物,[Ru-II(tpy)(6-mbpy)(CH3CN)](2+)(反式-[3](2+); 6-mbpy = 6-甲基-2,2'-联吡啶)和[Ru-II(tBu-tpy)(6-mbpy)(CH3CN)](2+)(反式[4](2+)),其中6-mbpy配体的甲基反式转化为CH3CN配体在络合物先前未反应的氧化态下显示出电催化的CO2还原。这种低电位的途径遵循ECE机制(电子转移-化学反应-电子转移),并且是空间相互作用的直接结果,空间相互作用促进CH3CN配体解离,CO2配位,并最终在复合物的第一个还原电位上实现催化转化。 DFT计算结果严格证实了所有实验观察结果。

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