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首页> 外文期刊>Acta Horticulturae >Recent advances and future directions in orchard planting systems.
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Recent advances and future directions in orchard planting systems.

机译：果园种植系统的最新进展和未来方向。

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Over the last 60 years, planting densities for apple, pear, peach, cherry, apricot and plum have all increased as improved management systems have been developed and the need for earlier production has become critical. For apple and pear, dwarfing rootstocks have been the key to the dramatic changes in tree size, spacing and early production. However, other improvements such as the development of feathered trees, development of minimal pruning strategies and physiological studies of limb angle have also contributed to the dramatic changes in tree density. Other studies on light interception and distribution have led to practical pruning strategies and improved tree forms. With cherry, semi-dwarfing precocious rootstocks have induced over-cropping which has required new pruning and crop load management strategies to obtain large fruit size. For cherry, peach, and plum, future increases in tree density depend on the development of improved dwarfing rootstocks. With apple and pear, the relentless march toward higher and higher tree densities over the last 50 years has recently been limited by economic factors, especially the price of trees. Economic studies have shown that the optimum tree density for apple is less than the maximum density that can be successfully managed. These studies have shown that the price of trees becomes very critical as tree density increases. Further increases in tree density will depend on reducing tree costs. As we look to the future, there are two possible scenarios. (1) The continued incremental improvement in our understanding of plant physiology that will lead to continued incremental improvements in orchard management or (2) Dramatic changes in orchard production system through genetic engineering. The first scenario will see continued understanding of the mechanisms of dwarfing, precocity and rooting which will lead to new rootstocks and better management of rootstocks for optimum performance. The second scenario could lead to identifying genes that control dwarfing, precocity and rooting and incorporating those characteristics into new varieties thus eliminating the need for the rootstock. Similarly, if the heterozygosity of Malus and Prunus species could be overcome, a seed based system of plant propagation could be envisioned which would dramatically change orchard planting densities and management. With either scenario, there is a need to improve our understanding of the genetic control of vegetative growth, flowering and fruit growth as well as improve our understanding of the physiology of pruning and thinning..
机译：在过去的60年中，随着改进的管理体系的发展以及对早期生产的需求变得至关重要，苹果，梨，桃，樱桃，杏和李子的种植密度都增加了。对于苹果和梨，矮化的砧木一直是树木大小，间距和早期生产急剧变化的关键。然而，其他改进，例如羽状树的发展，最小修剪策略的发展以及肢体角的生理研究，也促使了树木密度的急剧变化。关于光拦截和分布的其他研究导致了实用的修剪策略和改进的树形。对于樱桃，半矮早熟的砧木已经导致了过度种植，这就需要新的修剪和作物负荷管理策略来获得大果。对于樱桃，桃和李子，树木密度的未来增长取决于改良的矮化砧木的发展。随着苹果和梨的发展，近50年来不断提高树木密度的不懈努力受到经济因素，尤其是树木价格的限制。经济研究表明，苹果的最佳树木密度小于可以成功管理的最大树木密度。这些研究表明，随着树木密度的增加，树木的价格变得非常关键。树木密度的进一步提高将取决于降低树木成本。展望未来，有两种可能的情况。 （1）我们对植物生理学的理解的不断提高，这将导致果园管理的不断提高，或者（2）通过基因工程的果园生产系统发生了巨大变化。在第一种情况下，将继续了解矮化，早熟和生根的机制，这将导致新的砧木和更好地管理砧木以实现最佳性能。第二种情况可能导致确定控制矮化，早熟和生根的基因，并将这些特征整合到新品种中，从而消除对砧木的需求。同样，如果可以克服苹果属和李属的杂合性，则可以设想基于种子的植物繁殖系统，这将大大改变果园的种植密度和管理方式。无论哪种情况，都需要增进我们对营养生长，开花和果实生长的遗传控制的理解，以及增进对修剪和间伐生理的理解。

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