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首页> 外文期刊>Acta Horticulturae >Traditional Breeding and Modern Genomics: a Summary of Tools and Developments to Exploit Biodiversity for the Benefit of the Coffee Agroindustrial Chain
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Traditional Breeding and Modern Genomics: a Summary of Tools and Developments to Exploit Biodiversity for the Benefit of the Coffee Agroindustrial Chain

机译：传统育种和现代基因组学：为利用咖啡农用工业链而开发生物多样性的工具和发展的摘要

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摘要

Coffee provides daily pleasure for millions of people around the world and its exports represent a significant share of revenues to many developing nations. Production by smallholders and a diversified agroindustrial chain worldwide supports its social importance. The genetic makeup of individual cultivars influences all chain segments, from nurseries to consumers. Cultivar improvement relies heavily on genetics, breeding, germplasm conservation and its exploitation. Seventy percent of coffee tradedin international markets is Coffea arabica (2n=4x=44 chromosomes), i.e., a segmental allotetraploid, 90% of which are self-reproducing highland species from Ethiopia. Coffea canephora accounts for the remaining 30% of international markets. It is a diploid (2n=2x=22) self-incompatible species native to tropical Africa, which thrives preferentially at lower altitudes in hotter climates. Coffea canephora, though sturdier and higher yielding, results in a less aromatic beverage. A coffee germplasm collection is maintained at Institute Agronomico de Campinas (Brazil). Of 105 known diploid species including several self-incompatible Coffea-Psilanthus species, 19 are represented in this collection in addition to many FI and complex intra- and interspecific hybrids and derivatives, single gene mutants, chromosomal variants, breeding lines, segregant populations and 66 released cultivars. Conservation and exploitation of such broad diversity involves sexual and vegetative reproduction. Cropping efficiency isincreasingly challenged by sustainability concerns and specific demands of differentiated and commodity markets. Desirable cultivar attributes encompass uniform ripening, short stature, resistance to major pests, consistent quality and unique cup flavorsfound in primary and secondary gene pools with variably introgressed C. arabica or C. canephora genomes. Comparative biology links coffee to tomato in Asterid I. As such, the intersection of existing coffee genetic diversity with the expanding understanding of the Solanaceae family through modern genomics (including ongoing tomato genome sequencing) offers the unprecedented opportunity to accelerate breeding and to incorporate useful traits into cultivars for the benefit of the entire agroindustrial coffee chain of production to consumption.
机译：咖啡为世界各地的数百万人提供了日常娱乐，咖啡的出口对许多发展中国家而言占收入的很大一部分。小农户的生产和世界范围内多元化的农产工业链支持其社会重要性。单个品种的遗传构成影响从育苗到消费者的所有链段。品种的改良在很大程度上取决于遗传学，育种，种质保护及其开发。国际贸易中的咖啡贸易中有70％是阿拉伯咖啡（2n = 4x = 44染色体），即分段异源四倍体，其中90％是来自埃塞俄比亚的自我繁殖的高地物种。 canephora canephora占国际市场的其余30％。它是热带非洲原生的二倍体（2n = 2x = 22）自交不亲和种，在较热的气候中优先生长于较低的海拔。 Canepha canephora虽然更结实，产量更高，但其芳香饮料较少。巴西种地农艺研究所保存着咖啡种质。在105种已知的二倍体物种中，包括几种自交不亲和的Coffea-Psilanthus物种，除许多FI和复杂的种内和种间杂种和衍生物，单基因突变体，染色体变体，育种系，分离群体和66种外，在该集合中还代表19种释放的品种。对如此广泛的多样性的保护和利用涉及有性和无性繁殖。可持续发展的关注以及差异化和商品市场的特定需求正日益挑战着种植效率。理想的栽培品种属性包括均匀成熟，矮身材，对主要害虫的抗性，一致的品质和独特的杯形风味，这些基因库在具有不同渗入度的阿拉伯C. acanica或C. canephora基因组的一级和二级基因库中发现。比较生物学将咖啡与Asterid I中的番茄联系起来。正因如此，现有咖啡遗传多样性与通过现代基因组学（包括正在进行的番茄基因组测序）对茄科的深入了解相交，为加速育种和整合有用性状提供了前所未有的机会进入种植品种，以利于从生产到消费的整个农用工业咖啡链。

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