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A successful strategy to obtain artichoke hybrids

机译：获得洋蓟杂种的成功策略

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In the last half century the world population has doubled to 7 billion, while the land under cultivation increased just by 12%, from 1.37 to 1.53 billion ha. In what manner, then, did agricultural production triple? By increasing productivity, with acombination of improved agronomical practices and improved crops. In this context the exploitation of plant heterosis has been an effective approach in crop enhancement, hybrid cultivars in major crops can show more than 20% yield advantage over the bestconventional ones under the same cultivation conditions. In this attempt, trying to meet commercial and industrial needs, academy (University of Tuscia, Italy) and industry (BHS, USA) encountered over again aiming to produce artichoke commercial hybridseed through the use of male sterility. The project started in 2007, with 3 male sterile clones and 5 stable open pollinated cultivars, since then, more than 200 male sterile clones and 20 open pollinated cultivars have been developed to produce more than 500 crosses; around 30 of them, with interesting agro-morphological traits and uniformity, have been tested in different countries of the new and old world. The selected hybrids are under evaluation to assess their reproducibility and possibility of success in the global seed market. The different market requests in term of artichoke typologies and quality characteristics, which vary between the fresh market (green, purple, spiny, ovate, round heads) and the processing industry market characterized for green ovate typologies; hence it is required to allow the production/registration of a wide range of hybrids covering the different requests. Currently, one hybrid of Romanesco type, named 'Romolo' has been registered in Italy and is been sold successfully by La Semiorto Sementi srl. and its commercial firm Top Seed. The project results show how artichokes hybrids combine advantages that contribute to more vigorous plant growth, earliness, healthier plants which require lower input in pesticides and fungicides. In addition, plants from seeds are cheaper than plants derived by meristem practices. In other words, seed planting is a viable approach that makes globe artichoke friendlier both to the grower and to the environment.
机译：在过去的半个世纪中，世界人口增加了一倍，达到70亿，而耕地面积仅增加了12％，从1.37亿公顷增加到15.3亿公顷。那么，农业生产以何种方式增长了两倍？通过提高生产力，同时结合改良的农艺方法和改良的农作物。在这种情况下，利用植物杂种优势已成为作物增效的有效方法，在相同的栽培条件下，主要农作物的杂交品种比最佳常规品种表现出超过20％的产量优势。在此尝试中，为了满足商业和工业需求，学院（意大利图西亚大学）和工业界（美国BHS）再次遭遇了旨在通过使用雄性不育来生产朝鲜蓟商业杂交的目标。该项目始于2007年，拥有3个雄性不育克隆和5个稳定的开放授粉品种，从那时起，已开发​​了200多个雄性不育克隆和20个开放授粉品种，产生了500多个杂交品种。其中约有30种具有有趣的农业形态特征和均匀性，已在新旧世界的不同国家进行了测试。对选定的杂种进行评估，以评估其可复制性和在全球种子市场上成功的可能性。在朝鲜蓟类型和质量特征方面的不同市场需求，在新鲜市场（绿色，紫色，多刺，卵形，圆头形）和以绿色卵形类型为特征的加工业之间有所不同;因此，需要允许生产/注册涵盖不同需求的各种杂种。目前，一种名为“ Romolo”的罗马式混合动力车已在意大利注册，并已由La Semiorto Sementi srl成功出售。及其商业公司Top Seed。该项目的结果表明，朝鲜蓟杂交种如何结合优势，从而使植物生长更旺盛，更早，更健康，从而需要更少的农药和杀真菌剂投入。另外，来自种子的植物比通过分生组织实践衍生的植物便宜。换句话说，种子种植是一种可行的方法，可以使朝鲜蓟对种植者和环境都更友好。

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