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Measured and modeled radiometric quantities in coastal waters: toward a closure

机译：沿海水域的测量和建模辐射量：向封闭

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Accurate radiative transfer modeling in the coupled atmosphere-sea system is increasing in importance for the development of advanced remote-sensing applications. Aiming to quantify the uncertainties in the modeling of coastal water radiometric quantities, we performed a closure experiment to intercompare theoretical and experimental data as a function of wavelength λ and water depth z. Specifically, the study focused on above-water downward irradiance E_(d)(λ, 0~(+)) and in-water spectral profiles of upward nadir radiance L_(u)(λ, z), upward irradiance E_(u)(λ, z), downward irradiance E_(d)(λ, z), the E_(u)(λ, z)/L_(u)(λ, z) ratio (the nadir Q factor), and the E_(u)(λ, z)/E_(d)(λ, z) ratio (the irradiance reflectance). The theoretical data were produced with the finite-element method radiative transfer code ingesting in situ atmospheric and marine inherent optical properties. The experimental data were taken from a comprehensive coastal shallow-water data set collected in the northern Adriatic Sea. Under various measurement conditions, differences between theoretical and experimental data for the above-water E_(d)(λ, 0~(+)) and subsurface E_(d)(λ, 0~(-)) as well as for the in-water profiles of the nadir Q factor were generally less than 15%. In contrast, the in-water profiles of L_(u)(λ, z), E_(d)(λ, z), E_(u)(λ, z) and of the irradiance reflectance exhibited larger differences [to approximately 60% for L_(u)(λ, z) and E_(u)(λ, z), 30% for E_(d)(λ, z), and 50% for the irradiance reflectance]. These differences showed a high sensitivity to experimental uncertainties in a few input quantities used for the simulations: the seawater absorption coefficient; the hydrosol phase function backscattering probability; and, mainly for clear water, the bottom reflectance.
机译：大气-海-气耦合系统中精确的辐射传输建模对于高级遥感应用程序的开发越来越重要。为了量化沿海水辐射量建模中的不确定性，我们进行了封闭实验，以将理论和实验数据作为波长λ和水深z的函数进行相互比较。具体而言，研究集中于水上向下辐照度E_（d）（λ，0〜（+））以及向上天底辐照度L_（u）（λ，z），向上辐照度E_（u）的水中光谱轮廓（λ，z），向下辐照度E_（d）（λ，z），E_（u）（λ，z）/ L_（u）（λ，z）比（最低点Q因子）和E_（ u）（λ，z）/ E_（d）（λ，z）比（辐照度反射率）。理论数据是用有限元方法辐射转移码吸收原位大气和海洋固有光学特性得出的。实验数据取自在亚得里亚海北部收集的全面的沿海浅水数据集。在各种测量条件下，水上E_（d）（λ，0〜（+））和地下E_（d）（λ，0〜（-））的理论和实验数据之间的差异以及-最低点Q因子的水剖面通常小于15％。相反，L_（u）（λ，z），E_（d）（λ，z），E_（u）（λ，z）和辐照反射率的水中轮廓显示出较大的差异[大约为60 L_（u）（λ，z）和E_（u）（λ，z）为％，E_（d）（λ，z）为30％，辐照度反射率为50％]。这些差异显示了在模拟中使用的一些输入量中对实验不确定性的高度敏感性：海水吸收系数;水溶胶相函数的反向散射概率;并且，主要用于清澈的水，底部反射率。

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    《Applied optics》 |2003年第27期|共17页
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