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Silver nanoparticle toxicity in the embryonic zebrafish is governed by particle dispersion and ionic environment

机译：斑马鱼胚胎中的银纳米颗粒毒性受颗粒分散度和离子环境的控制

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摘要

The mechanism of action of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) is unclear due to the particles' strong tendency to agglomerate. Preventing agglomeration could offer precise control of the physicochemical properties that drive biological response to AgNPs. In an attempt to control agglomeration, we exposed zebrafish embryos to AgNPs of 20 or 110 nm core size, and polypyrrolidone (PVP) or citrate surface coatings in media of varying ionic strength. AgNPs remained unagglomerated in 62.5 μM CaCl_2 (CaCl_2) and ultrapure water (UP), but not in standard zebrafish embryo medium (EM). Zebrafish embryos developed normally in the low ionic strength environments of CaCl_2 and UP. Exposure of embryos to AgNPs suspended in UP and CaCl_2 resulted in higher toxicity than suspensions in EM. 20 nm AgNPs were more toxic than 110 nm AgNPs, and the PVP coating was more toxic than the citrate coating at the same particle core size. The silver tissue burden correlated well with observed toxicity but only for those exposures where the AgNPs remained unagglomerated. Our results demonstrate that size- and surface coating-dependent toxicity is a result of AgNPs remaining unagglomerated, and thus a critical-design consideration for experiments to offer meaningful evaluations of AgNP toxicity.
机译：由于颗粒的强烈聚集趋势，银纳米颗粒（AgNPs）的作用机理尚不清楚。防止团聚可以精确控制物理化学性质，从而驱动对AgNP的生物反应。为了控制团聚，我们将斑马鱼胚胎暴露于核心大小为20或110 nm的AgNPs，以及在离子强度不同的介质中使用聚吡咯烷酮（PVP）或柠檬酸盐表面涂层。在62.5μMCaCl_2（CaCl_2）和超纯水（UP）中，AgNP仍未团聚，但在标准斑马鱼胚胎培养基（EM）中则没有。斑马鱼胚胎在CaCl_2和UP的低离子强度环境中正常发育。胚胎暴露于悬浮在UP和CaCl_2中的AgNPs所产生的毒性要高于EM悬浮液。在相同的颗粒核尺寸下，20 nm AgNPs比110 nm AgNPs更具毒性，并且PVP涂层比柠檬酸盐涂层更具毒性。银组织的负担与观察到的毒性具有良好的相关性，但仅适用于AgNP仍未聚集的暴露。我们的结果表明，取决于大小和表面涂层的毒性是AgNP保持未团聚的结果，因此是对实验进行关键设计的考虑，以提供有意义的AgNP毒性评估。

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