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Rate-independent dissipation and loading direction effects in compressed carbon nanotube arrays

机译:压缩碳纳米管阵列中与速率无关的耗散和载荷方向效应

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Arrays of nominally-aligned carbon nanotubes (CNTs) under compression deform locally via buckling, exhibit a foam-like, dissipative response, and can often recover most of their original height. We synthesize millimeter-scale CNT arrays and report the results of compression experiments at different strain rates, from 10~(-4) to 10~(-1) s~(-1), and for multiple compressive cycles to different strains. We observe that the stress-strain response proceeds independently of the strain rate for all tests, but that it is highly dependent on loading history. Additionally, we examine the effect of loading direction on the mechanical response of the system. The mechanical behavior is modeled using a multiscale series of bistable springs. This model captures the rate independence of the constitutive response, the local deformation, and the history-dependent effects. We develop here a macroscopic formulation of the model to represent a continuum limit of the mesoscale elements developed previously. Utilizing the model and our experimental observations we discuss various possible physical mechanisms contributing to the system's dissipative response.
机译:压缩状态下名义排列的碳纳米管(CNT)阵列会因屈曲而局部变形,表现出类似泡沫的耗散响应,并且通常可以恢复其大部分原始高度。我们合成了毫米级的CNT阵列,并报告了在不同应变率(从10〜(-4)到10〜(-1)s〜(-1))下的压缩实验结果,以及针对不同应变的多个压缩循环。我们观察到应力-应变响应的进行与所有测试的应变率无关,但是它高度依赖于加载历史。此外,我们检查了加载方向对系统机械响应的影响。机械性能是使用多尺度双稳态弹簧系列建模的。该模型捕获了本构响应的速率独立性,局部变形和历史依赖效应。我们在这里开发模型的宏观表述,以表示先前开发的中尺度元素的连续极限。利用模型和我们的实验观察结果,我们讨论了有助于系统耗散响应的各种可能的物理机制。

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