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On-chip lithium cells for electrical and structural characterization of single nanowire electrodes

机译：片上锂电池，用于单纳米线电极的电和结构表征

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摘要

We present a transmission electron microscopy (TEM)-compatible, hybrid nanomachined, onchip construct for probing the structural and electrical changes in individual nanowire electrodes during lithium insertion. We have assembled arrays of individual β-phase manganese dioxide (β- MnO2) nanowires (NWs), which are employed as a model material system, into functional electrochemical cells through a combination of bottom-up (dielectrophoresis) and top-down (silicon nanomachining) unit processes. The on-chip NWs are electrochemically lithiated inside a helium-filled glovebox and their electrical conductivity is studied as a function of incremental lithium loading during initial lithiation. We observe a dramatic reduction in NW conductivity (on the order of two to three orders in magnitude), which is not reversed when the lithium is extracted from the nanoelectrode. This conductivity change is attributed to an increase in lattice disorder within the material, which is observed from TEM images of the lithiated NWs. Furthermore, electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) was employed to confirm the reduction in valence state of manganese, which occurs due to the transformation of MnO2 to LixMnO2.
机译：我们提出了一种透射电子显微镜（TEM）兼容的，混合纳米加工的片上构造，用于探测锂插入过程中单个纳米线电极的结构和电学变化。我们通过自下而上（介电电泳）和自上而下（硅）的组合，将用作模型材料系统的单个β相二氧化锰（β-MnO2）纳米线（NWs）阵列组装成功能性电化学电池纳米加工）单元过程。片上NW在充满氦气的手套箱内进行了电化学锂化处理，并研究了其电导率与初始锂化过程中锂负载增量的关系。我们观察到NW电导率的急剧下降（数量级为2到3个数量级），当从纳米电极中提取锂时，这种下降并没有逆转。这种电导率变化归因于材料中晶格无序的增加，这是从锂化NW的TEM图像中观察到的。此外，采用电子能量损失谱（EELS）来确认锰的价态降低，这是由于MnO2转变为LixMnO2所致。

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