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Ultra-large scale AFM of lipid droplet arrays: investigating the ink transfer volume in dip pen nanolithography

机译：脂质液滴阵列的超大规模原子力显微镜：研究浸笔纳米光刻技术中的墨水转移量

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摘要

There are only few quantitative studies commenting on the writing process in dip-pen nanolithography with lipids. Lipids are important carrier ink molecules for the delivery of bio-functional patters in bio-nanotechnology. In order to better understand and control the writing process, more information on the transfer of lipid material from the tip to the substrate is needed. The dependence of the transferred ink volume on the dwell time of the tip on the substrate was investigated by topography measurements with an atomic force microscope (AFM) that is characterized by an ultra-large scan range of 800 x 800 mu m(2). For this purpose arrays of dots of the phospholipid1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine were written onto planar glass substrates and the resulting pattern was imaged by large scan area AFM. Two writing regimes were identified, characterized of either a steady decline or a constant ink volume transfer per dot feature. For the steady state ink transfer, a linear relationship between the dwell time and the dot volume was determined, which is characterized by a flow rate of about 16 femtoliters per second. A dependence of the ink transport from the length of pauses before and in between writing the structures was observed and should be taken into account during pattern design when aiming at best writing homogeneity. The ultra-large scan range of the utilized AFM allowed for a simultaneous study of the entire preparation area of almost 1 mm(2), yielding good statistic results.
机译：仅有很少的定量研究评论在带脂质的蘸水笔纳米光刻中的书写过程。脂质是生物纳米技术中传递生物功能图案的重要载体墨水分子。为了更好地理解和控制书写过程，需要更多有关脂质材料从笔尖到基底的转移的信息。通过使用原子力显微镜（AFM）进行形貌测量来研究转移的墨水量对尖端在基材上的停留时间的依赖性，其特征是800 x 800微米的超大扫描范围（2）。为此目的，将磷脂1，2-油酰基-sn-甘油-3-磷酸胆碱的点阵列写入平面玻璃基板上，并通过大扫描面积AFM对所得图案进行成像。确定了两种书写方式，其特征是每个点特征稳定下降或墨水量转移恒定。对于稳态墨转移，确定了停留时间与点体积之间的线性关系，其特征在于每秒约16飞升的流量。观察到油墨传输与书写结构之前和之间的停顿长度之间的相关性，在图案设计过程中应考虑到这一点，以实现最佳书写均匀性。利用AFM的超大扫描范围，可以同时研究几乎1 mm（2）的整个制备区域，产生了良好的统计结果。

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