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首页> 外文期刊>Neuroscience: An International Journal under the Editorial Direction of IBRO >COGNITIVE RESOURCES RELATED TO SPEECH RECOGNITION WITH A COMPETING TALKER IN YOUNG AND OLDER LISTENERS
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COGNITIVE RESOURCES RELATED TO SPEECH RECOGNITION WITH A COMPETING TALKER IN YOUNG AND OLDER LISTENERS

机译：与年轻和老年听众竞争者进行语音识别相关的认知资源

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摘要

The recognition of speech within a mixture of many voices is indispensable at social gatherings; however, it imposes great demands upon the listener: in order to follow a lively multi-talker conversation, the listener has to identify the speaker of interest, focus his or her attention on the sounds coming from that speaker, extract information from the often disrupted speech stream as well as divide and switch attention between several voices as different speakers alternate. While this task is already demanding for people with normal-hearing (NH), it is especially difficult for hearing-impaired individuals, for which hearing loss has detrimental effects on auditory sensitivity as well as spectral and temporal resolution of the incoming speech signal (Hopkins and Moore, 2007). Recent research has shown that, in addition to hearing impairment, cognitive factors also contribute to the difficulties in understanding speech in a multi-talker environment (for an overview, see Akeroyd, 2008). Several studies have attempted to determine which cognitive factors in particular affect speech-masked speech recognition - an experimental set-up very similar to speech perception in social gatherings. Heifer and Freyman (2008) examined speech recognition with respect to different speech maskers in groups of NH younger persons and older individuals with NH and various degrees of hearing loss. The largest relative difference between older and younger listeners was found when target and masker speech differed in gender, although in this situation the probability of confusing target and masker is relatively low. While the recognition of speech-on-speech masking was related to hearing loss, it could not entirely explain the pattern of results. Instead, authors suggested that a reduction in selective attention - specifically, the ability to ignore a competing message and/or allocate attention - could be a crucial factor.
机译：在社交聚会上，识别多种声音中的语音是必不可少的。但是，这对听众提出了很高的要求：为了进行生动活泼的多讲话者对话，听众必须识别出感兴趣的讲话者，将他或她的注意力集中在讲话者发出的声音上，从经常受到干扰的声音中提取信息语音流，以及在不同说话者交替时在几种声音之间分配和切换注意力。虽然这项任务已经对听力正常的人提出了要求，但对于听力受损的人来说尤其困难，因为听力受损会对听觉灵敏度以及传入语音信号的频谱和时间分辨率产生不利影响（霍普金斯和摩尔，2007年）。最近的研究表明，除了听力障碍外，认知因素还导致在多说话者环境中难以理解语音（有关概述，请参阅Akeroyd，2008）。几项研究试图确定哪些认知因素特别影响语音掩盖的语音识别-一种与社交聚会中的语音感知非常相似的实验装置。 Heifer和Freyman（2008）研究了NH年龄段和不同程度的NH的年轻人和老年人中不同语言掩蔽者的语音识别。当目标和掩蔽者讲话的性别不同时，发现老年和年轻听众之间最大的相对差异，尽管在这种情况下混淆目标和掩蔽者的可能性相对较低。虽然语音对语音掩盖的识别与听力损失有关，但它不能完全解释结果的模式。相反，作者建议减少选择性注意，特别是忽略竞争信息和/或分配注意的能力，可能是关键因素。

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