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首页> 外文期刊>Neuroscience: An International Journal under the Editorial Direction of IBRO >SIGNIFICANCE OF EPIGENETICS FOR UNDERSTANDING BRAIN DEVELOPMENT, BRAIN EVOLUTION AND BEHAVIOUR
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SIGNIFICANCE OF EPIGENETICS FOR UNDERSTANDING BRAIN DEVELOPMENT, BRAIN EVOLUTION AND BEHAVIOUR

机译：认识论对理解脑发育，脑进化和行为的意义

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Two major environmental developments have occurred in mammalian evolution which have impacted on the genetic and epigenetic regulation of brain development. The first of these was viviparity and development of the placenta which placed a considerable burden of time and energy investment on the matriline, and which resulted in essential hypothalamic modifications. Maternal feeding, maternal care, parturition, milk letdown and the suspension of fertility and sexual behaviour are all determined by the maternal hypothalamus and have evolved to meet foetal needs under the influence of placental hormones. Viviparity itself provided a new environmental variable for selection pressures to operate via the co-existence over three generations of matrilineal genomes (mother, developing offspring and developing oocytes) in one individual. Also of importance for the matriline has been the evolution of epigenetic marks (imprint control regions) which are heritable and undergo reprogramming primarily in the oocyte to regulate imprinted gene expression according to parent of origin. Imprinting of autosomal genes has played a significant role in mammalian evolutionary development, particularly that of the hypothalamus and placenta. Indeed, many imprinted genes that are co-expressed in the placenta and hypothalamus play an important role in the co-adapted functioning of these organs. Thus the action and interaction of two genomes (maternal and foetal) have provided a template for transgenerational selection pressures to operate in shaping the mothering capabilities of each subsequent generation. The advanced aspects of neocortical brain evolution in primates have emancipated much of behaviour from the determining effects of hormonal action. Thus in large brain primates, most of the sexual behaviour is not reproductive hormone dependent and maternal care can and does occur outside the context of pregnancy and parturition. The neo-cortex has evolved to be adaptable and while the adapted changes are not inherited, the epigenetic predisposing processes can be. This provides each generation with the same ability to generate new adaptations while retaining a "cultural" predisposition to retain others.
机译：哺乳动物进化中发生了两个主要的环境发展，它们影响了大脑发育的遗传和表观遗传调控。首先是胎盘的胎生和发育，这在母体上投入了大量的时间和精力，并导致了下丘脑的实质性改变。母体的下丘脑决定了母体的喂养，母体护理，分娩，产奶量下降以及生育能力和性行为的中止，并且在胎盘激素的影响下已逐渐满足胎儿的需求。胎生本身为选择压力提供了一个新的环境变量，使其可以通过一个人的三代母系基因组（母亲，发育中的后代和发育中的卵母细胞）的共存进行操作。对于母体来说，重要的还有表观遗传标记（印迹控制区）的进化，这些遗传基因是可遗传的，并主要在卵母细胞中进行重编程以根据来源母体调节印迹的基因表达。常染色体基因的印记在哺乳动物的进化发展中，尤其是下丘脑和胎盘的进化中起着重要作用。确实，在胎盘和下丘脑中共表达的许多印迹基因在这些器官的共适应功能中起重要作用。因此，两个基因组（母体和胎儿）的作用和相互作用为跨代选择压力提供了模板，以在塑造每个后续世代的母本能力方面发挥作用。灵长类动物的新皮质大脑进化的高级方面已经从激素作用的决定性作用中解放了许多行为。因此，在大型大脑灵长类动物中，大多数性行为都不依赖生殖激素，并且孕产妇可以而且确实在怀孕和分娩的背景之外发生。新大脑皮层已经发展为具有适应性，尽管适应性变化不会被继承，但表观遗传易感性过程可以。这为每一代人提供了产生新改编作品的相同能力，同时保留了保留其他人的“文化”倾向。

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