Metal-air batteries, utilizing the reduction of ambient oxygen, have the highest energy density because most of the cell volume is occupied by the anode while the cathode active material is not stored in the battery. Lithium metal is a tempting anode material for any battery because of its outstanding specific capacity (3842 mA h g~(-1) for Li vs. 815 mA h g~(-1) for Zn). Combining the high energy density of Li with ambient oxygen seems to be a promising option. Specifically, in all classes of electrolytes, the transformation from U-O2 to Li-air is still a major challenge as the presence of moisture and CO2 reduces significantly the cell performance due to their strong reaction with Li metal. Thus, the quest for electrolyte systems capable of providing a solution to the imposed challenges due to the use of metallic Li, exposure to the environment and handling the formation of reactive discharged product is still on. This extended Review provides an expanded insight into electrolytes being suggested and researched and also a future vision on challenges and their possible solutions.
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机译：利用空气中氧气的减少，金属空气电池具有最高的能量密度，因为大部分电池体积被阳极占据，而阴极活性材料未存储在电池中。锂金属是任何电池的诱人阳极材料，因为它具有出色的比容量（锂的容量为3842 mA h g〜（-1），锌的容量为815 mA h g〜（-1））。 Li的高能量密度与环境氧气的结合似乎是一种有前途的选择。具体而言，在所有类型的电解质中，由于水分和CO2的存在，由于其与Li金属的强烈反应，其从U-O2到Li-air的转化仍然是一项重大挑战，因为它们会大大降低电池性能。因此，仍在寻求能够解决由于使用金属锂，暴露于环境并处理反应性放电产物的形成而带来的挑战的电解质系统。这份扩展的评论提供了对建议和研究的电解质的深入了解，以及对挑战及其可能解决方案的未来展望。
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