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首页> 外文期刊>Crop Protection >Spray volume and fungicide rates for citrus black spot control based on tree canopy volume
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Spray volume and fungicide rates for citrus black spot control based on tree canopy volume

机译：基于树冠体积的柑橘黑斑病防治的喷雾量和杀菌剂用量

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The control of citrus black spot (CBS) caused by Phyllosticta citricarpa relies mainly on fungicide sprays. Generally, high and non-standardized spray volumes are adopted and the sprays are based on litre per tree or per hectare. However, the tree canopy volume may vary with age, density and variety, and this is expected to impact on the spray volume and fungicide rates needed for disease control. This study evaluated the efficacy of different fungicide spray volumes and rates for CBS control based on the tree row-volume (TRV) concept. Two field trials were carried out during three seasons in Sao Paulo state, Brazil. Trials were set up in commercial orchards of late-maturing 'Valencia' sweet orange'grown for juice production. In field trial 1, the volumes tested were 125 (standard), 100 (internal runoff point), 75 (intermediate) and 50 (half the internal runoff point) mL of spray mixture/m(3) of the tree canopy. In field trial 2, 100 and 50 mL/m(3) were evaluated. The fungicide rates ranged from 40 to 110 mg of metallic copper/m(3) and from 1.9 to 4.7 mg of pyraclostrobin/m(3). Untreated control trees (UTC) were kept unsprayed. CBS incidence and severity, premature fruit drop, yield, fungicide deposition and spray coverage were evaluated. All spray volumes tested reduced CBS incidence and severity on fruit at 75-95% and resulted in 1.6-3.0-fold higher yields than the UTC. However, a slight trend of more CBS symptoms and fruit drop, and lower yield was observed for trees treated with 50 mL/m(3) compared to those treated with higher volumes. Spray volume change, from 125 to 75 mL/m(3), irrespective of fungicide rate correction, led to a 40% reduction of CBS spray costs and water usage and increased the financial return of the control by up to 35%. TRV-based sprays may contribute to sustainable citrus production by reducing costs and environment impacts while maintaining efficient CBS control. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
机译：柑橘黑斑病引起的柑橘黑斑病（CBS）的控制主要依靠杀菌剂喷雾剂。通常，采用高和非标准化的喷雾量，并且喷雾基于每棵树或每公顷的升数。但是，树冠的体积可能会随着年龄，密度和种类的变化而变化，这预计会影响控制疾病所需的喷雾量和杀菌剂的比率。这项研究基于树行容积（TRV）概念评估了不同杀真菌剂喷雾量和比率对CBS控制的功效。在巴西圣保罗州的三个季节中进行了两次野外试验。在较早熟的“巴伦西亚”甜橙种植的商业果园中进行了果汁生产试验。在现场试验1中，测试的体积为125毫升（标准），100毫升（内部径流点），75磅（中级）和50毫升（内部径流点的一半）mL混合喷雾/ m（3）树冠。在现场试验2中，评估了100和50 mL / m（3）。杀菌剂的用量范围为40至110毫克金属铜/ m（3）和1.9至4.7毫克吡菌胺/ m（3）。未经处理的对照树（UTC）保持不喷雾。评估了CBS的发生率和严重程度，过早落果，产量，杀菌剂沉积和喷雾覆盖率。测试的所有喷雾量均以75-95％的比例降低了水果上CBS的发生率和严重程度，并导致产量比UTC高1.6-3.0倍。但是，与使用更高体积处理的树木相比，使用50 mL / m（3）处理的树木有更多CBS症状和果实下降的轻微趋势，并且观察到较低的产量。喷雾剂量从125 mL / m 3更改为75 mL / m（3），无论是否采用杀菌剂校正，均可将CBS喷雾成本和用水量减少40％，并将控制的财务收益提高35％。基于TRV的喷雾剂可通过降低成本和对环境的影响，同时保持对CBS的有效控制，来促进柑橘的可持续生产。 （C）2016 Elsevier Ltd.保留所有权利。

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