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首页> 外文期刊>Journal of Geophysical Research. Biogeosciences >Controls of climatic variability and land cover on land surface hydrology of northern Wisconsin, USA
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Controls of climatic variability and land cover on land surface hydrology of northern Wisconsin, USA

机译：对美国威斯康星州北部地表水文学的气候变化和土地覆盖的控制

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Ecosystem processes are strongly affected by the magnitude, timing, and variability of water flows. As such, our understanding of biogeochemical and ecological processes can be enhanced when our ability to track water flow and storage within ecosystems is improved. We assess how climatic variability and land cover change affect water flow and storage within a temperate forest region of the north central United States (46 degrees N, 89 degrees W). We use a well-validated process-based ecosystem model (IBIS) to investigate evapotranspiration, surface runoff, and drainage rates across a continuum of time scales. We found from 1951 to 2000, climatic variability imposed a large, detectable signal on both annual and seasonal surface water balance that resulted in changes in total runoff that ranged from 30% to 200% of the 50-year average. Conversely, land cover change resulted in subtler, persistent changes (i.e., forest to grassland changed total runoff by 10% annually), which were not detectable from year to year. If, however, changes in land cover persist, within 6 years the cumulative difference from land cover change became slightly more than two standard deviations of annual runoff variability, and within 15 years the accumulated differences were greater than changes between the largest and smallest runoff events within the 50-year period. As a result, in the context of this study, climatic variations typically had a strong effect on the surface water balance in the short term (season or year-to-year variations), but land cover change had influence on water balance over the long-term (6 years and beyond). These changes in hydrology from land cover were detectable as subtle, yet persistent differences that accumulate as changes in magnitude and shifts in seasonal cycles. Through this, we provide a process-based context for understanding the historical causes of water cycle variability, which allows us to better identify the hydrology of this system. Ultimately, this allows for improved understanding of how forested ecosystems could respond to multiple drivers of global change.
机译：生态系统过程受水流的大小，时间和可变性的强烈影响。因此，当我们提高对生态系统内水流和水的追踪能力时，我们对生物地球化学和生态过程的理解将会增强。我们评估了气候变化性和土地覆盖变化如何影响美国中北部（北纬46度，西经89度）的温带森林地区的水流量和存储。我们使用经过充分验证的基于过程的生态系统模型（IBIS），研究连续时间范围内的蒸散量，地表径流和排水速率。我们发现从1951年到2000年，气候变化对年度和季节性地表水平衡都施加了可检测的大信号，导致总径流量的变化范围为50年平均值的30％至200％。相反，土地覆被变化导致了微妙而持续的变化（即，森林到草地的总径流量每年变化10％），每年都无法检测到。但是，如果持续发生土地覆盖变化，则在6年内，与土地覆盖变化的累计差异将略大于年度径流变化的两个标准偏差，并且在15年内，累计差异将大于最大径流事件和最小径流事件之间的变化在50年内。结果，在本研究的背景下，气候变化通常会在短期内对地表水平衡产生强烈影响（季节或逐年变化），但长期而言，土地覆盖变化对水平衡有影响学期（6年及以上）。这些由于土地覆盖而引起的水文变化可以检测为细微但持续的差异，这些差异随着强度的变化和季节周期的变化而累积。通过这种方式，我们提供了一个基于过程的环境，以了解水循环变化的历史原因，从而使我们能够更好地识别该系统的水文学。最终，这可以使人们更好地了解森林生态系统如何应对全球变化的多种驱动因素。

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